CRS Annotated Constitution

	FOURTH AMENDMENT	1199
	SEARCH AND SEIZURE	1199
	SEARCH AND SEIZURE	1199
	History and Scope of the Amendment	1199
	History	1199
	Scope of the Amendment	1200
	The Interest Protected	1205
	Arrests and Other Detentions	1209
	Searches and Inspections in Noncriminal Cases	1211
	FOURTH AMENDMENT	1215
	SEARCH AND SEIZURE	1215
	Searches and Seizures Pursuant to Warrant	1215
	Issuance by Neutral Magistrate	1216
	Probable Cause	1217
	Particularity	1220
	First Amendment Bearing on Probable Cause and Particularity	1221
	Property Subject to Seizure	1223
	Execution of Warrants	1226
	FOURTH AMENDMENT	1228
	SEARCH AND SEIZURE	1228
	Valid Searches and Seizures Without Warrants	1228
	Detention Short of Arrest: Stop–and–Frisk	1229
	Search Incident to Arrest	1234
	Vehicular Searches	1238
	Vessel Searches	1241
	Consent Searches	1242
	Border Searches	1243
	Public Schools	1246
	Government Offices	1247
	Prisons and Regulation of Probation	1247
	Drug Testing	1248
	FOURTH AMENDMENT	1250
	SEARCH AND SEIZURE	1250
	Electronic Surveillance and the Fourth Amendment	1250
	The Olmstead Case	1250
	Federal Communications Act	1251
	Nontelephonic Electronic Surveillance	1251
	The Berger and Katz Cases	1252
	Warrantless “National Security” Electronic Surveillance	1255
	FOURTH AMENDMENT	1257
	SEARCH AND SEIZURE	1257
	Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule	1257
	Alternatives to the Exclusionary Rule	1257
	Development of the Exclusionary Rule	1258
	The Foundations of the Exclusionary Rule	1262
	Narrowing Application of the Exclusionary Rule	1264
	Operation of the Rule: Standing	1269

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