U.S. v. COOK, 53 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir. 1995)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, v. CARL EUGENE COOK,
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
No. 93-50320.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted January 13, 1995.
Decided April 28, 1995.
Sonia E. Chahin, La Canada, CA, for defendant-appellant.
Richard E. Drooyan, David C. Marcus, Asst. U.S. Attys., Los
Angeles, CA, for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central
District of California.
Before CANBY, and NOONAN, Jr., Circuit Judges, and KING,[fn*]
District Judge.
[fn*] The Honorable Samuel P. King, Senior United States District
Judge, for the District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.
NOONAN, Circuit Judge:
[1] Carl Eugene Cook appeals his convictions of, and sentence for,
bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). We affirm the
judgment of the district court.
[2] FACTS
[3] At trial, the government established the following:
[4] On November 30, 1988, Cook entered the Bank of America at 5700
South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, approached a teller, Sam
Latkins, and said, "Give me your money," adding, "If you don't
give me the money I will start shooting up the place." Latkins
believed Cook had a gun due to the motion of his hands; he gave
Cook money.
[5] On December 5, 1988, Cook entered the same bank and said to a
teller, Rene Butler, "Give me your money," adding, "Give all of
that money or I will shoot you." He held his hand in his pocket
as if concealing a weapon. Butler was scared and gave Cook money.
[6] On December 8, 1988, Cook entered the same bank and again went
to Latkins telling him, "Hand it over. You know what I want."
Latkins gave him money. Shortly thereafter Cook was arrested.
[7] PROCEEDINGS
[8] Cook was indicted on three counts of bank robbery. He presented
an insanity defense. He offered the testimony of Herbert
Robinson, a psychiatrist who first examined him on December 8,
1988 at the request of the State Department of Rehabilitation. He
found Cook to be not "overtly delusional or psychotic at that
time but he was tending to be that way." He then interviewed Cook
on January 20, 1989 at the Metropolitan Detention Center. He
found him "a little closer to being overtly psychotic borderline
without the real gross psychotic aspects." He examined Cook a
third time on June 16, 1989 and reviewed Cook's medical history
over the past 15 years. At the trial on direct examination,
Robinson was asked to describe Cook's mental condition on the
three dates the defendant entered the bank. He replied, "I found
that the patient was delusional, paranoid, grandiose, these
things that we have been talking about, in other words not in
touch with reality, and I felt that this - that he was not sane
at the time I saw him."
[9] On the government's objection to the last question, the court
ruled that Robinson could not testify as to whether Cook was
insane or not. The court then instructed the jury that "the
ultimate issue of the sanity or insanity is an issue for you to
decide . . . Therefore, I am striking the testimony of the
witness solely as to the defendant's sanity . . . No other part
of this witness' testimony is being stricken. . . ." Robinson
further testified that during the course of one of the interviews
after the robbery Cook stated that he had gone into the bank to
get his own money. Cook's mother also testified that Cook told
her that he had money in this particular branch of Bank of
America and refused to believe her when she said that he did not.
[10] The government presented the testimony of Saul Faerstein, a
psychiatrist who had also examined Cook. Like Robinson, Faerstein
diagnosed Cook as suffering from chronic paranoid schizophrenia.
He added that he also had a "substance abuse disorder" and an
"anti-social personality disorder." Faerstein was asked by the
government if these mental conditions "precluded one from knowing
what he or she is doing?" He answered, "Not at all." He was asked
if it precluded one "from appreciating the natural quality or
wrongfulness of his or her acts" and replied, "No, it does not."
He was then asked, "If someone suffered from a delusion that he
or she had money in the bank and is entering the bank demanding
money from a teller, claiming to have a gun and threatening the
teller, is that consistent with such a delusion?" He replied,
"No. Such behavior is not consistent with that delusional belief.
If one had a delusion that one had $2,000 in a bank, one might
enter that bank with a withdrawal slip, fill it out, submit it to
the teller, and ask to make a withdrawal. That would be behavior
that in my mind would be consistent with a firmly-held belief by
that person that he has money in the bank." Defense counsel did
not object to these questions or move to strike Faerstein's
testimony.
[11] Cook was convicted and sentenced to 17 1/2 years in prison. He
now appeals his convictions and his sentence.
[12] ANALYSIS
[13] Cook now objects to the hypothetical question asked of
Faerstein contending that it was a violation of Fed.R. of Evid.
704(b). The objection was waived by not being made at trial.
United States v. Tarazon, 989 F.2d 1045, 1051 (9th Cir. 1993),
cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 155, 126 L.Ed.2d 116
(1993). It is manifestly unfair to the court and to the other
side to raise an objection to testimony that was not made at
trial. Despite the lack of objection, we review the admission of
Faerstein's testimony for plain error, id., and find no such
error.
[14] We do take the opportunity to express the view that the
government engaged in overkill. It was perfectly clear from the
questions answered by Faerstein that in his opinion Cook did not
have a mental defect preventing him from committing the crime.
The question now objected to went very close to stating an
"inference as to whether the defendant did or did not have the
mental state or condition constituting an element of the crime
charged," the very kind of testimony forbidden by Rule 704(b).
See United States v. Wang, 49 F.3d 502 (9th Cir. 1995).
[15] As to sentencing, Cook contends that the district court should
have departed downward because of his mental condition, but
failed to do so under the mistaken belief that it lacked the
power. The court, however, reviewed Cook's long criminal history
and said, "because of all the significant problems he's had in
the past, I couldn't make any significant downward departure."
Under either Guideline § 5K2.13 or § 5H1.1-6 (which refers
directly to Chapter 5 of the Guidelines) the court is permitted
to depart downward if the defendant "committed a nonviolent
offense while suffering from significantly reduced mental
capacity not resulting from voluntary use of drugs or other
intoxicants." See United States v. Cantu, 12 F.3d 1506, 1510-14
(9th Cir. 1993). The unarmed bank robberies committed by Cook did
not qualify as non-violent offenses. See United States v.
Borrayo, 898 F.2d 91, 94 (9th Cir. 1990).
[16] AFFIRMED.
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