I.

At the time of this action, Bankers Trust was a bank holding company with headquarters in New York City and more than 800 subsidiaries and affiliates across the United States and worldwide. It paid State and City taxes for income derived from doing business in both.

The calculation of State and City taxes owed begins with and is based upon “entire net income,” which is generally defined as income reported to the Federal government (Tax Law § 1453[a]; Administrative Code of the City of New York § 11-641[a]). In 1985, the State and City tax laws were amended to permit “a deduction in determining entire net income” of “seventeen percent of interest income from subsidiary capital” (Tax Law § 1453[e][11][1]; Administrative Code § 11-641[e][11][i]). A subsidiary is defined as a corporation in which the taxpayer owns over 50 percent of the voting shares (Tax Law § 1450[d]; Administrative Code § 11-602[2]). Bankers Trust claimed a deduction for the years 1986 and 1987.[1] Multiplying the adjusted net income by the allocation percentage yields $190,033,062. Multiplying this number by the tax rate of 9 percent yields a tax of $17,102,976.[4] Since Bankers Trust paid $18,375,451, it claimed it was owed $1,272,475. The following year, Bankers Trust again claimed the deduction.

In 1992, the State and City, after audits, disallowed the deduction to the extent it applied to interest income from second- or lower-tier subsidiaries. As the name suggests, a second-tier subsidiary is owned by a subsidiary in which the taxpayer owns over 50 percent of the voting stock. A third-tier subsidiary would be owned by the second-tier subsidiary and so on. After the disallowance, Bankers Trust signed a consent and waiver form with the City, agreeing to a deficiency for the years 1985, 1986 and 1987, and paying the amount. The agreement provided that it did not preclude Bankers Trust from filing a claim contesting the assessment and seeking a refund. The State entered into a similar agreement covering the same years and in April 1997, the City and Bankers Trust again entered into a similar agreement covering the year 1993.

In May 1993, in a different case, the New York State Tax Appeals Tribunal affirmed a determination of an Administrative Law Judge, holding that interest income from a second-tier subsidiary is deductible “where a corporation controls all aspects of a second-tier subsidiary's operation and management” ( Matter of the Racal Corporation and Decca Electronics, TSB-D- 93[5]C). Several months later, Bankers Trust filed claims for refunds with the State Department of Taxation and Finance, seeking the 17 percent deduction for the year 1985. In March 1996, the Tax Appeals Tribunal affirmed an ALJ's determination that Bankers Trust failed to offer sufficient proof that it fully controlled all aspects of the second-tier subsidiaries at issue. Nevertheless, the next year, August 1997, Bankers Trust and the State entered into a closing agreement in which the State essentially agreed to withdraw and cancel notices of deficiencies under Franchise Tax on Banking Corporations (Article 32 of the Tax Law) for the years 1986 through 1994.

Bankers Trust then filed a claim with the City reporting the terms of the agreement with the State, pursuant to Administrative Code section 11-646(e), and seeking a refund for the years 1986, 1987 and 1993, of $1.2 million, $1.3 million, and $3.8 million, respectively. The City disallowed the refunds, thus giving rise to this action.

The threshold issue is whether plaintiff is excused from having to exhaust its exclusive statutory remedy, which for us is determinative.

II.

During the initial audits, the City had allowed Bankers Trust deductions for home office and foreign branch administrative expenses associated with the second-tier subsidiaries. After the changes by the State were reported, however, the City disallowed those deductions pursuant to Internal Revenue Code 482 (dealing with the prevention of tax evasion) on the ground that since Bankers Trust fully controlled the second-tier subsidiaries, those expenses should be deductible by the subsidiaries for the management services provided to them by Bankers Trust.[2]

Bypassing its exclusive administrative remedy, Bankers Trust commenced a declaratory judgment action in the Supreme Court seeking a refund for the years 1986, 1987 and 1993, arguing that the City should have conformed its City taxable income in accordance with the changes made by the State and should have allowed the deductions without analyzing any other issues. Following plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, Supreme Court agreed with Bankers Trust that it was not required to exhaust administrative remedies because the issue was the interpretation and application of statutes that did not involve the special expertise of the relevant agencies, and the exhaustion of administrative remedies would cause irreparable harm.

On the merits, Bankers Trust relied on Administrative Code section 11-678(3), which governs a taxpayer's claim for a refund after a change by the State or Federal government. The section provides that the claim must be filed “within two years from the time such report or amended return was required to be filed with the commissioner of finance.” In addition, the statute provides that the refund

“(c) shall be computed without change of the allocation of income or capital upon which the taxpayer's return (or any additional assessment) was based, and

“(d) shall not exceed the amount of the reduction in tax attributable to such decrease or increase in federal or New York state taxable income, alternative minimum taxable income or other basis of tax or federal or New York state tax or to such federal or New York state change or correction or renegotiation, or computation or recomputation of tax”

(Administrative Code § 11-678[3][c],[d]).

The mirror image of this rule is section 11-674(3)(c), (g), which governs the City's assessment as a result of a change by the State or the Federal government. Between these two sections is section 11-677(1), which provides that:

“The commissioner of finance, within the applicable period of limitations, may credit an overpayment of tax and interest on such overpayment against any liability in respect of any tax imposed by any of the named subchapters of this chapter or on the taxpayer who made the overpayment, and the balance shall be refunded out of the proceeds of the tax.”

Supreme Court agreed with Bankers Trust that the City reallocated Bankers Trust income when it re-audited the returns. The court rejected the City's claim that the re-audit was lawful under section 11-677(1) since the City was bound to determine whether Bankers Trust had actually overpaid taxes for the relevant years before issuing any refund. The court thus granted Bankers Trust's motion for summary judgment.

On appeal, the Appellate Division agreed with Supreme Court on the procedural issue, but reversed on the merits. On exhaustion of administrative remedies, the court found that Bankers Trust's challenge involved statutory interpretation and was “based on the general nature of the adjustments, and does not require us to determine their accuracy by delving into the underlying facts or computations on which they were made.” On the merits, the court disagreed with the motion court that there had been a change in the allocation of income. The court found that the phrase “allocation of income” referred to “allocation percentage.” While the City had shifted income from the subsidiaries to Bankers Trust, there had been no change in the allocation percentage. The court also agreed with the City that it had to determine whether Bankers Trust had overpaid taxes before issuing a refund.

We conclude that plaintiff failed to utilize its exclusive administrative remedy, and we do not address the merits.

III.

Actions by taxing officers can be reviewed only in the manner prescribed by statute ( National Bank of Chemung v City of Elmira, 53 NY 49, 59 [1873]; Dun & Bradstreet v City of New York, 276 NY 198 [1937]; Matter of First National City Bank v City of New York, , 36 NY2d 87 [1975]). In this case, Administrative Code § 11-681(2) provides as follows:

“The review of a decision of the tax appeals tribunal provided by this section shall be the exclusive remedy available to any taxpayer for the judicial determination of the liability of the taxpayer for the taxes imposed by the named subchapters.”

There are two exceptions to the exclusive remedy requirement: “[w]hen a tax statute * * * is alleged to be unconstitutional, by its terms or application, or where the statute is attacked as wholly inapplicable” ( First National City Bank, 36 NY2d at 92; Richfield Oil Corp. of New York v City of Syracuse, 287 NY 234, 239 [1942]). In these two circumstances, “the invalidity or total inapplicability affects the entire statute, including the limitations and restrictions on the remedy provided in it” ( First National City Bank, 36 NY2d at 92-93).

To challenge a statute as wholly inapplicable, the taxpayer must allege that the agency had no jurisdiction over it or the matter that was taxed. As we stated in National Bank of Chemung, “[a]ssessors must have jurisdiction over the person and subject- matter. The person must be an inhabitant of the town, and the property must be taxable. Otherwise, the assessment is illegal and void” (53 NY at 59). In National Bank of Chemung, the assessors had imposed a tax on the capital stock of the bank in direct violation of a statute providing that such property was not taxable. In Dun & Bradstreet, the City of New York had the authority to impose a tax on certain public utility companies and on the sale of tangible personal property. Since the defendant was not a public utility company and did not sell tangible personal property, the City acted without jurisdiction ( see also Richfield Oil Corp. v City of Syracuse, 287 NY 234; Socony - Vacuum Oil Co. v City of New York, 247 AD 163, aff'd 272 NY 668 [1936]).

Where the statute at issue in a dispute does not provide how judicial review may be obtained, resort must be made to the judicially-created rule that administrative remedies must be exhausted. The judicial doctrine of exhaustion of remedies is subject to exceptions not available when the statute has an exclusive remedy provision. The exceptions include when exhaustion of administrative remedies would be futile or would cause irreparable harm ( Watergate II Apts. v Buffalo Sewer Auth., , 46 NY2d 52, 57). Courts lack the discretion to rely on these exceptions where the Legislature itself has specifically delineated the exclusive steps a party must undertake in order to seek judicial relief.

Here, the statute includes an exclusive remedy provision. Yet neither the motion court nor the Appellate Division determined that the statute was unconstitutional or wholly inapplicable. It is true that in its complaint, Bankers Trust argued that the City acted “wholly beyond the [City's] authority.” However, the proper characterization of Bankers Trust's argument is that the Department improperly applied the relevant statute in computing a refund. Bankers Trust also argued that it would incur irreparable harm. Bankers Trust, however, did not dispute that it was subject to the tax on banking corporations, and that the City had the authority to audit the refund claims. The argument that the City misapplied a certain provision in calculating a refund is not the same as arguing that the Banking Tax is wholly inapplicable to Bankers Trust.

In determining that the plaintiff was not required to exhaust its exclusive statutory remedy, the Appellate Division relied on Watergate II Apts, a case involving the judicially- created exhaustion of remedies doctrine not -- as here, the statutory exclusive remedy provision. In Watergate, moreover, the plaintiff there argued that sewer rent charges imposed by the Buffalo Sewer Authority were actually taxes, and that the Authority lacked the power to impose taxes. The argument that the Authority lacked the power to impose the charges would have made the statute wholly inapplicable. Bankers Trust did not make a similar argument here.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be modified, with costs to defendants by deleting the declaration in favor of defendant and substituting a provision dismissing the complaint, and, as so modified, affirmed.