business law

1) In the accounting context, it is where a cost is recorded as a a price of the asset rather than as an expenditure.

2) In the corporate context, it is a firm's "invested capital," meaning the business' corporate stock plus long-term debt plus retained earnings.

3) The total dollar value of a company's outstanding shares - better known as market capitalization.  It is calculated by multiplying the total number of outstanding shares by the market value of one share.

Known as CAPEX, capital expenditures describe funds used by a business to upgrade or acquire new physical assets, such as tools and other equipment, for the purpose of attaining future benefits.  In the accounting context, capital expenditures are listed to an asset account.

A shareholder's or owner's account indicating the individual owner's investment plus net income from business operations, minus any net losses from operations, and minus any withdrawals of funds by the owner for personal use.

Tangible and generally illiquid property used by a business to generate profit, such as equipment and buildings.  The usefulness of the asset is expected to extend beyond one year.

A sale of all or substantially all of a business' inventory or stock and/or equipment, outside of the ordinary course of business.

Also known as a "bulk sale", it is the transfer or sale of all or substantially all of a business' inventory and equipment, not in the ordinary course of business.

A person who records the daily financial transactions of a business or organizationk, such as sales, purchases, receipts and payments.  The bookkeeper also prepares financial statements, such as the trial balance, which are then used by accountants to create the accountant's report. 

A collection of the financial records of a business. 

In the investment sense, a book is a record of all the positions (e.g., long and short) that an investor has taken.

A business record of a customer's account which indicates the total amount owed by the client at any given time.  The book account serves as a clear basis for bringing suit on a customer's failure to repay the debt.

A type of negotiable instrument, also known as a "draft", which is a signed, unconditional, written order by the drawer, directing the drawee to pay a fixed sum of money to a third party (the payee) at a determined future date.

For example, a check is a type of bill of exchange.