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Public utilities

Public utilities are private companies that provide essential public commodities, such as water, electricity, and transportation, and are subject to government regulations.

Shepard's Citations

In the legal field, Shepard's is a highly regarded citational index. It allows researchers to track particular judicial decisions, statutes, and other legal resources as they are invoked at different historical moments for a range of purposes. Shepard's citations provide references to when and how cases and law review articles were cited by other sources. Citations exist for both federal and state courts.

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Interlocutory order

A temporary order issued during the course of litigation. Because of the non-final nature of such orders, appeals from them (interlocutory appeals) are rare. The collateral order doctrine sets forth rules for such appeals.

Implied warranty of merchantibility

Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC") governs the sale of goods.  According to UCC § 2-314, a warranty that the goods shall be merchantable is implied in a contract for their sale if the seller is a merchant with respect to goods of that kind.  An implied warranty of merchantabili

Mail fraud

Mail fraud occurs when the U.S. Mail is used in furtherance of a criminal act. In order for a defendant to be convicted under 18 U.S.C. 1341for committing mail fraud, the follow elements must be satisified: (1) the defendant must have been engaged in a scheme to defraud; (2) the scheme must have involved material misstatements or omissions; (3) the scheme resulted, or would have resulted upon completion, in the loss of money, property, or honest services; (4) the defendant must have used of U.S.

Judgment notwithstanding the verdict

A ruling by a judge in favor of one party even though the jury found in favor of the opposing party. see, e.g. Hazen Paper v. Biggins, 507 US 604 (1993).

Healthcare fraud

health care fraud: an overview

Health care fraud is a type of white-collar crime that involves the filing of dishonest health care claims in order to turn a profit. Fraudulent health care schemes come in many forms.

National Reporter System

The National Reporter System.....

Health maintenance organizations

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) are comprehensive forms of insurance that include a wide range of coverages and prices. Health-care professionals offer care through the HMO for a flat-rate without deductibles. The HMO only covers care for organizations within the network, and must approve services before rendered.

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