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Statute of limitations

Any law that bars claims after a certain period of time passes after an injury.  The period of time varies depending on the jurisdiction and the type of claim.  

Statutes of limitations exist for both civil and criminal causes of action, and begin to run from the date of the injury, or the date it was discovered, or the date on which it would have been discovered with reasonable efforts.  Many statutes of limitations are actual legislative statutes, while others may come from judicial common law.

See Statute of repose (compare).

Definition from Nolo’s Plain-English Law Dictionary

The legally prescribed time limit in which a lawsuit must be filed. Statutes of limitation differ depending on the type of legal claim and on state law. For example, many states require that a personal injury lawsuit be filed within one year from the date of injury -- or in some instances, from the date when it should reasonably have been discovered -- but some allow two years. Similarly, claims based on a written contract must be filed in court within four years from the date the contract was broken in some states and five years in others. Statute of limitations rules apply to cases filed in all courts, including federal court.

Definition provided by Nolo’s Plain-English Law Dictionary.

August 19, 2010, 5:24 pm

 

Tommy, a cashier, embezzles money from the deli where he works.  The missing money is noticed a week later, but Tommy's boss and sole owner of the deli suspects another cashier. 

When confronted, the other cashier denies any involvement and claims that he suspects Tommy.  Nevertheless, the boss sues the other cashier for embezzlement and loses in court.

Two years after confronting the other cashier, the boss finds conclusive evidence that Tommy embezzled the money.  The evidence includes a security tape and statements from witnesses.  The next day, Tommy's boss sues him for embezzlement.

The court dismisses the lawsuit because the statute of limitations has run.  In this state, the statute of limitations for embezzlement is two years from the date the offense should have been discovered with reasonable efforts.  The court finds that the statute of limitations started to run when the initial suspected implicated Tommy.  Had Tommy's boss reasonably followed up on what the initial suspect said, he would have enough facts to sue Tommy for embezzlement.  Since he sued two years and one day after that date, his claim against Tommy was barred.

"The two cases before us raise a single question.  Can courts toll, for nonstatutory equitable reasons, the statutory time (and related amount) limitations for filing tax refund claims set forth in §6511 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986? We hold that they cannot."