40 CFR § 86.1861-04 - How do the Tier 2 and interim non-Tier 2 NOX averaging, banking and trading programs work?
(a) General provisions for Tier 2 credits and debits.
(1) A manufacturer whose Tier 2 fleet average NOX emissions exceeds the 0.07 g/mile standard must complete the calculation at paragraph (b) of this section to determine the size of its NOX credit deficit. A manufacturer whose Tier 2 fleet average NOX emissions is less than or equal to the 0.07 g/mile standard must complete the calculation in paragraph (b) of this section if it desires to generate NOX credits. In either case, the number of credits or debits determined in the calculation at paragraph (b) of this section must be rounded to the nearest whole number.
(2) Credits generated according to the calculation in paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be banked for future use or traded to another manufacturer.
(3) NOX credits are not subject to any discount or expiration date except as required under the deficit carryforward provisions of § 86.1860–04(e)(2).
(4) If a manufacturer calculates that it has negative credits (debits or a credit deficit) for a given model year, it must obtain sufficient credits, as required under § 86.1860–04(e)(2), from vehicles produced by itself or another manufacturer in a model year no later than the third model year following the model year for which it calculated the credit deficit. (Example: if a manufacturer calculates that it has a NOX credit deficit for the 2008 model year, it must obtain sufficient NOX credits to offset that deficit from its own production or that of other manufacturers' 2011 or earlier model year vehicles.)
(6)
(i) Manufacturers may not use NOX credits to comply with the NLEV requirements of subpart R of this part.
(ii) Manufacturers may not use NMOG credits generated by vehicles certified to the NLEV requirements of subpart R of this part to comply with any NOX requirements of this subpart.
(iii) Manufacturers may not use NOX credits generated by interim non-Tier 2 vehicles to comply with the fleet average NOX standard for Tier 2 vehicles.
(iv) Manufacturers may not use NOX credits generated by Tier 2 vehicles to comply with any fleet average NOX standard for interim non-Tier 2 vehicles, except as permitted under § 86.1860–04(e).
(v) Manufacturers may not use NOX credits generated by interim non-Tier 2 LDV/LLDTs to comply with the fleet average NOX standard for interim non-Tier 2 HLDT/MDPVs.
(vi) Manufacturers may not use NOX credits generated by interim non-Tier 2 HLDT/MDPVs to comply with the fleet average NOX standard for interim non-Tier 2 LDV/LLDTs.
(vii) Manufacturers may not use NOX credits generated by Tier 2 LDV/LLDTs to comply with the Tier 2 NOX average standard for HLDT/MDPVs before the 2009 model year.
(viii) Manufacturers may not use NOX credits generated by Tier 2 HLDT/MDPVs to comply with the Tier 2 NOX average standard for LDV/LLDTs before the 2009 model year.
(7) Manufacturers may bank Tier 2 NOX credits for later use to meet the Tier 2 fleet average NOX standard or trade them to another manufacturer. Credits are earned on the last day of the model year. Before trading or carrying over credits to the next model year, a manufacturer must apply available credits to offset any credit deficit, where the deadline to offset that credit deficit has not yet passed.
(8) There are no property rights associated with NOX credits generated under this subpart. Credits are a limited authorization to emit the designated amount of emissions. Nothing in this part or any other provision of law should be construed to limit EPA's authority to terminate or limit this authorization through a rulemaking.
(b) Calculating Tier 2 credits and debits.
(1) Manufacturers that achieve fleet average NOX values from the calculation in § 86.1860–04(f), lower than the applicable fleet average NOX standard, may generate credits for a given model year, in units of vehicle-g/mi NOX, determined in this equation:
(2) Where the result of the calculation in paragraph (b)(1) of this section is a negative number, the manufacturer must generate negative NOX credits (debits).
(c) Early banking. (1)(i) Manufacturers may certify LDV/LLDTs to the Tier 2 FTP exhaust standards in § 86.1811–04 for model years 2001–2003 in order to bank credits for use in the 2004 and later model years. Such vehicles must also meet SFTP exhaust emission standards specified in § 86.1811–04.
(ii) Manufacturers may certify HLDT/MDPVs to the Tier 2 FTP exhaust standards in § 86.1811–04 for model years 2001–2007 in order to bank credits for use in the 2008 and later model years. Such vehicles must also meet applicable SFTP exhaust emission standards specified in § 86.1811–04.
(iii) This process is referred to as “early banking” and the resultant credits are referred to as ”early credits”. In order to bank early credits, a manufacturer must comply with all exhaust emission standards and requirements applicable to Tier 2 LDV/LLDTs and/or HLDT/MDPVs, as applicable, except as allowed under paragraph (c)(4) of this section.
(2) To generate early credits, a manufacturer must separately compute the sales weighted NOX average of the LDV/LLDTs and HLDT/MDPVs it certifies to the Tier 2 exhaust requirements and separately compute credits using the calculations in this section and in § 86.1860–04.
(3) Early HLDT/MDPV credits may not be applied to LDV/LLDTs before the 2009 model year. Early LDV/LLDT credits may not be applied to HLDT/ MDPVs before the 2009 model year.
(4) Manufacturers may generate early Tier 2 credits from LDVs, LDT1s and LDT2s that are certified to a full useful life of 100,000 miles, provided that the credits are prorated by a multiplicative factor of 0.833 (the quotient of 100,000/120,000). Where a manufacturer has both 100,000 and 120,000 mile full useful life vehicles for which it desires to bank early credits, it must compute the credits from each group of vehicles separately and then add them together.
(5) Manufacturers may bank early credits for later use to meet the Tier 2 fleet average NOX standard or trade them to another manufacturer subject to the restriction in paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(6) Early credits must not be used to comply with the fleet average NOX standards for interim non-Tier 2 vehicles.
(7) Nothing in this section prevents the use of the NMOG values of 2003 and earlier model year LDV/LLDTs from being used in calculations of the NMOG fleet average and subsequent NMOG credit generation, under subpart R of this part.
(d) Reporting and recordkeeping for Tier 2 NOXcredits including early credits. Each manufacturer must comply with the reporting and recordkeeping requirements of § 86.1862–04.
(e) Fleet average NOXdebits.
(1) Manufacturers must offset any debits for a given model year by the fleet average NOX reporting deadline for the third model year following the model year in which the debits were generated as required in § 86.1860.04(e)(2). Manufacturers may offset debits by generating credits or acquiring credits generated by another manufacturer.
(2)
(i) Failure to meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section and of this paragraph (e), within the required timeframe for offsetting debits will be considered to be a failure to satisfy the conditions upon which the certificate(s) was issued and the individual noncomplying vehicles not covered by the certificate must be determined according to this section.
(ii) If debits are not offset within the specified time period, the number of vehicles not meeting the fleet average NOX standards and not covered by the certificate must be calculated by dividing the total amount of debits for the model year by the fleet average NOX standard applicable for the model year in which the debits were first incurred.
(iii) EPA will determine the vehicles for which the condition on the certificate was not satisfied by designating vehicles in those test groups with the highest certification NOX emission values first and continuing until a number of vehicles equal to the calculated number of noncomplying vehicles as determined above is reached. If this calculation determines that only a portion of vehicles in a test group contribute to the debit situation, then EPA will designate actual vehicles in that test group as not covered by the certificate, starting with the last vehicle produced and counting backwards.
(3) If a manufacturer ceases production of LDV/Ts and MDPVs or is purchased by, merges with or otherwise combines with another manufacturer, the manufacturer continues to be responsible for offsetting any debits outstanding within the required time period. Any failure to offset the debits will be considered to be a violation of paragraph (e)(1) of this section and may subject the manufacturer to an enforcement action for sale of vehicles not covered by a certificate, pursuant to paragraph (e)(2) of this section.
(4) For purposes of calculating the statute of limitations, a violation of the requirements of paragraph (e)(1) of this section, a failure to satisfy the conditions upon which a certificate(s) was issued and hence a sale of vehicles not covered by the certificate, all occur upon the expiration of the deadline for offsetting debits specified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section.
(f) NOXcredit transfers.
(1) EPA may reject NOX credit transfers if the involved manufacturers fail to submit the credit transfer notification in the annual report.
(2) A manufacturer may not sell credits that are not available for sale pursuant to the provisions in paragraphs (a)(2) and (a)(7) of this section.
(3) In the event of a negative credit balance resulting from a transaction, both the buyer and seller are liable, except in cases involving fraud. EPA may void ab initio the certificates of conformity of all engine families participating in such a trade.
(4)
(i) If a manufacturer transfers a credit that it has not generated pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section or acquired from another party, the manufacturer will be considered to have generated a debit in the model year that the manufacturer transferred the credit. The manufacturer must offset such debits by the deadline for the annual report for that same model year.
(ii) Failure to offset the debits within the required time period will be considered a failure to satisfy the conditions upon which the certificate(s) was issued and will be addressed pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section.
(g) Interim non-Tier 2 NOXcredits and debits; Interim non-Tier 2 averaging, banking and trading. Interim non-Tier 2 NOX credits must be generated, calculated, tracked, averaged, banked, traded, accounted for and reported upon separately from Tier 2 credits. The provisions of this section applicable to Tier 2 NOX credits and debits and Tier 2 averaging banking and trading are applicable to interim non-Tier 2 LDV/LLDTs and interim non-Tier 2 HLDT/ MDPVs with the following exceptions:
(1) Provisions for early banking under paragraph (c) of this section do not apply.
(2) The fleet average NOX standard used for calculating credits is 0.30 grams per mile for interim non-Tier 2 LDV/LLDTs and 0.20 g/mi for interim non-Tier 2 HLDT/MDPVs. (The interim non-Tier 2 NOX standard of 0.30 (or 0.20) g/mi replaces 0.07 in the text and calculation in this section.)
(3) Interim non-Tier 2 NOX credit deficits may be carried forward for three years subject to the requirements of § 86.1860–04(e).