equal protection

Southern Trace Country Club had two dining areas, a men’s grille and ladies’ club, which were adjacent to their respective locker rooms. In Albright v. Southern Trace Country Club of Shreveport, Inc., the plaintiffs were four women who were denied access to the men’s grille on the basis of their gender. The district court initially found for the country club. On appeal, the Court reversed the decision, granting the plaintiffs relief.

Article II, Section 13 of the Arizona State Constitution establishes an equal privileges and immunities guarantee by prohibiting the enactment of laws granting special privileges or immunities to any individual citizen, class of citizens, or non-municipal corporation that are not equally available to all citizens or corporations on the same terms.

Article 6 of the Law on Equal Opportunities and Treatment between Women and Men (202/2002) - gender-based discrimination

In Being v. Crum, transgender and nonbinary plaintiffs challenged Alaska’s Medicaid regulations that categorically excluded coverage for treatments related to gender affirming care, such as hormone therapy, surgical procedures, or additional therapies for gender dysphoria. The plaintiffs argued that these exclusions violated the Equal Protection Clause, Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act and Medicaid’s requirements for comparability and availability.

In Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Albany v. Serio, 7 N.Y.3d 510 (2006), a group of religiously affiliated organizations challenged a New York statute that required health insurance plans covering prescription drugs to include contraceptive coverage under the Women’s Health and Wellness Act (NY Insurance Law § 3221(16) and § 4303(cc)).

The State of Hawaii child support enforcement agency sought to enforce a child support obligation against the defendant and to obtain a judgment for past-due child support payments. The defendant argued that the agency lacked authority and that the enforcement process violated his constitutional rights.

Labor Code, Article 6 Employment Protection

Chapter 812 established the Commission on the Status of Women in Connecticut, outlining its membership, duties, and policy functions as part of Connecticut’s framework for promoting gender equity. Although most of its original provisions have since been repealed, the chapter historically tasked the Commission with researching women’s issues, advising policymakers, publishing reports, and advocating for equal opportunity across education, employment, and public life.

Following a request to Brazil’s Federal Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal or “STF”) by then-President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the STF reviewed and upheld the constitutionality of the Lei Maria da Penha (“LMP”). The LMP is Brazil’s first law to address the problem of domestic violence against women on a national scale.

The Constitution of Connecticut protects gender equality primarily through Article First, Section 20, which guarantees equal protection of the laws and prohibits discrimination based on sex, race, religion, ancestry, national origin, and disability.