Alaska Stat. § 11.61.120 establishes the offense of harassment in the second degree, which is punishable as a class B misdemeanor. The statute requires that the actor intend to harass or annoy another person and identifies multiple prohibited actions.
Alaska Stat. § 11.61.123 makes it a crime to knowingly view, or to produce a picture of, the private exposure of another’s genitals, anus, or female breast, without proper consent or statutory authority. Each instance of viewing or each creation of an image is treated as a separate offense. The statute excludes conduct by law enforcement while acting under their authority for law enforcement purposes. It provides as an affirmative defense of lawful security surveillance with posted notice or photography undertaken solely for crime prevention or prosecution.
The Italian Penal Code prohibits domestic violence (art. 572), female genital mutilation (art. 583), personal injury aggravated by permanent deformation or scarring of the face (art. 583 quinquies), harassment (art. 612 bis), the crime of illicit diffusion of sexually explicit images or videos without the consent of the persons represented (so-called revenge porn) (art. 612 ter). Punishable crimes against a person's freedom also include slavery and forced prostitution (art. 600), human trafficking (art. 601), sexual acts coerced through violence, threats, or abuse of authority (art.
Part 9 of the Crimes Act (the “CA”) of New Zealand covers crimes violating a person’s reputation and personal privacy, including through the possession, publication, export or sale of intimate visual recordings.
The Cybercrime Act (the “Act”) criminalizes the use of a computer system to sexually harass individuals. Part II, Section 19(2)(a) makes it unlawful to transmit electronic data that is obscene, vulgar, profane, lewd, lascivious, or indecent when the sender intends to humiliate or harass another person and the conduct harms the target’s health, emotional well-being, self-esteem, or reputation. Penalties may reach up to three million dollars and three years in prison.
The Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 of New Zealand (the “Act”) grants powers to approved agencies to receive, assess and investigate complaints about harm caused to individuals by digital communications. The purpose of the Act is to provide victims of harmful digital communications with a quick and efficient means of redress and otherwise deter, prevent and mitigate harm caused by such digital communications.
New Jersey Revised Statutes § 47:1A-5.2 makes it a disorderly persons offense to knowingly disclose or distribute indecent or graphic images depicting another person’s intimate parts without that person’s prior written consent, or without consent from the next of kin if the individual is deceased.
Sections 157A to 157F of the Seychelles Penal Code criminalize violations of personal privacy involving “private acts.” These provisions prohibit the unauthorized observation, recording, possession, and distribution of visual material depicting private acts, with penalties of up to 20 years’ imprisonment. A “private act” includes bathing, showering, using a toilet, being nude, or engaging in sexual activity not ordinarily conducted in public. “Distribution” encompasses sending, transmitting, or otherwise making recordings accessible to others.
Article 246 of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China (2020) specifies the penalties for those who publicly insult others, or defame others by fabricating information. In the model cases against cyberviolence and crimes released by the Supreme People’s Court on September 25, 2023, Article 246 was used as the basis for two model cases involving defamation of character and revenge porn.
