Education rights

Articles 14 and 16 of the Law on Equal Opportunities and Treatment between Women and Men (202/2002) - vocational training 

Article 6 of the Law on Equal Opportunities and Treatment between Women and Men (202/2002) - gender-based discrimination

In Beasley v. Alabama State University, 966 F. Supp. 1117 (M.D. Ala. 1997), the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama addressed systemic inequities in collegiate athletics under Title IX and the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Court rejected the appeal and upheld the decision of the lower court that a female Muslim high school student was not exempt from compulsory swimming lessons on the grounds of her religion. In the circumstances, there was not sufficient reason to undermine compulsory school attendance of children. The girl's parents had applied to the school for an exemption from swimming lessons on the grounds that Islamic dress custom did not allow their daughter to participate in co-educational swimming lessons.

The Campus Sexual Assault, Dating Violence, Domestic Violence, and Stalking Prevention and Response Act modernizes New York State's sexual-assault response programs by requiring all New York State colleges and universities to adopt uniform policies for preventing and responding to sexual assault, dating violence, domestic violence, and stalking. It mandates a comprehensive system of definitions, rights, procedures, and reporting obligations that apply to every institution chartered by the Regents or created by legislative act.

Five notifications regarding discrimination of students by a Foundation were made to the Equality Ombudsman after the broadcast of a TV program. In the program, the students of a school owned by the Foundation were separated by gender on the school bus. The Equality Ombudsman’s investigation noted that a gender-based separation was also made in the gymnastics classes.

In Case No. 465, challenging the constitutionality of a Ministry of Education directive setting minimum standards for preschool institutions, the Constitutional Court reaffirmed the right of children to receive at least a constitutionally guaranteed minimum level of education. The Court emphasized the State’s duty to ensure basic conditions that enable all children to access adequate early childhood education, in line with the principle of equality and the best interests of the child.

The plaintiff-child and parents sued the defendant-school district, the principal, and a teacher, alleging that the teacher had sexually abused the child, and that the district and principal were negligent in hiring and supervising the teacher. In a responsive pleading, the defendant-school district and principal asserted as an affirmative defense that the child's voluntary participation in the sexual relationship with the teacher constituted contributory fault.

The Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) is directed to create model policies for local school boards on the treatment of transgender students in public elementary and secondary schools. These model policies must reflect evidence-based best practices and address a range of issues, including compliance with nondiscrimination laws, ensuring safe and supportive learning environments, and protecting students from bullying and harassment.

Article 638 defines parental responsibility as the set of parental duties and rights relating to the person and property of the children for the children’s protection, development, and education while they are minors. These responsibilities are governed by three principles set out in article 639: a) the best interests of the child; b) the progressive autonomy of the child based on their psychophysical characteristics, aptitudes, and development.