SMITH, J.:

In this article 78 proceeding where petitioners seek to set aside action taken by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), we must determine which agency action triggers the statute of limitations. Like the Appellate Division, we conclude that on these facts the statute of limitations began to run when the conditioned negative declaration (CND) issued by DEP became final.

In the Fall of 1996, respondent New York City Energy (NYCE) submitted an Environmental Assessment Statement to DEP in order to obtain permits to install a power generator on a floating barge in Brooklyn, New York. The barge was to be anchored on the west side of the Wallabout Channel at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Upon receipt of the statement, DEP became the lead agency for purposes of conducting a coordinated environmental review of the project pursuant to the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA). In September 1997, DEP issued the first of three CND's, concluding that the project posed no significant adverse impact to the environment and therefore required no environmental impact statement. Following subsequent project modifications, DEP issued two revised CND's, the last on January 10, 2000. On January 19, 2000, the declaration was published for a 30-day public comment period as required by 6 NYCRR 617.7(d)(1)(iv). During that period, petitioners offered no comments regarding the CND. The declaration became final on February 18, 2000, thereby concluding SEQRA review of the proposed project.

Simultaneously, when NYCE further modified the proposal in 1999, NYCE applied to the DEC for an Air Permit pursuant to the Environmental Conservation Law, article 19. DEC determined that the impacts of air emissions from the proposed facility would not contravene the standards imposed by the Environmental Protection Agency and on August 9, 2000, tentatively approved an Air Permit for the facility. Following this tentative determination, DEC issued a public notice stating that it would accept public comment for a 30-day period, to end on September 8, 2000. Given public opposition to the proposal, DEC held a legislative hearing on December 12, 2000. Petitioners and others submitted extensive written objections to the proposal on grounds of inadequate SEQRA review. DEC determined that an adjudicatory hearing was unnecessary and, on December 18, 2000, issued an Air Permit for NYCE's facility.

On February 20, 2001 -- one year after the CND became final, and two months after the Air Permit was issued -- petitioners commenced this CPLR article 78 proceeding contending that the DEP's issuance of the CND and DEC's issuance of the Air Permit were arbitrary and capricious in violation of SEQRA, Environmental Conversation Law (ECL)3-0301, and article 19 of the ECL. Respondents moved to dismiss the petition as time barred.

DEC claimed the challenge to the Air Permit -- issued on December 18, 2000 -- was time barred under ECL 19-0511(2)(b) because the agency was not served within two months after the Air Permit was issued. DEP argued that the challenge to the CND -- issued on January 10, 2000 -- was time barred under CPLR 217 1) because the action was not brought within four months after the CND was issued. NYCE answered and sought dismissal under both statutes of limitations.

Supreme Court dismissed the action as time barred, concluding the ECL 19-0511(2)(b) barred petitioners' challenges because they failed to serve respondents within two months of the issuance of the Air Permit -- the final agency action. The court held that the project could not have had any effect on the environment until the Air Permit was issued, and therefore petitioners did not sustain an actual injury until the issuance of the Air Permit. The Appellate Division modified, applying the four-month statute of limitations in CPLR 217 (1), not the two- month statute of limitations in ECL 19-0511(2)(b). In the Appellate Division's view, the action against DEC challenging the Air Permit was timely because petitioners commenced the proceeding on February 20, 2001 -- within four months of DEC's determination on December 18, 2001. The Appellate Division, however, upheld dismissal of the suit against DEP challenging the issuance of the CND, holding that the issuance of the CND was a final agency action triggering the statute of limitations.

On this appeal, petitioners as well as respondent DEC argue that the four-month period of limitations commenced on December 18, 2000, when DEC issued the Air Permit. Petitioner and DEC claim that the CND was merely a preliminary step in the decisionmaking process and that no sufficient predicate for judicial review existed until a permit or approval was issued for the project. DEP and NYCE argue that the period of limitations began to run when the CND was issued, or at the latest, when the 30-day comment period after issuance of the declaration was complete.

We agree with DEP, NYCE and the Appellate Division that under the circumstances presented here, the CND was a final agency action for purposes of judicial review of petitioners' SEQRA claim.

In Essex County v Zagata, we conclude that an agency action is final when the decisionmaker arrives at a "definitive position on the issue that inflicts an actual, concrete injury" (91 2 447, 453 [1998]). We stated:

"[A] determination will not be deemed final because it stands as the agency's last word on a discrete legal issue that arises during an administrative proceeding. There must additionally be a finding that the injury purportedly inflicted by the agency may not be prevented or significantly ameliorated by further administrative action or by steps available to the complaining party.

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If further agency proceedings might render the disputed issue moot or academic, then the agency position cannot be considered definitive or the injury actual or concrete"

( id. at 453-54 [internal quotes and citations omitted]; see also Gordon v Rush, , 100 NY2d 236, 242-243 [2003]).

Here, the agency reached a definitive position on February 18, 2000, when the public comment period ended because, at that point, its SEQRA review ended. DEP conducted no further SEQRA investigation, and issued no further SEQRA declaration on the project. Petitioners had an opportunity to comment but failed to alert the DEP to the concerns it subsequently raised with regard to the SEQRA review. Thus, to the extent that petitioners challenge the conclusions reached by DEP from its SEQRA review, the period of limitations must be measured at the latest from the time that the CND became final, on February 18, 2000. Additionally, the issuance of the CND resulted in actual concrete injury to petitioners because the declaration essentially gave the developer the ability to proceed with the project without the need to prepare an environmental impact statement.

Moreover, to allow petitioners to postone their challenge to the CND until the issuance of the Air Permit would be particularly unreasonable here, since the declaration had been final for ten months before the Permit was issued. Given these circumstances, commencing the period of limitations from the finality of the CND is consistent with the policy of resolving environmental issues and determining whether an environmental impact statement will be required at the early stages of project planning ( see e.g. Long Island Pine Barrens Soc. Inc. v. Planning Bd. of the Town Brookhaven, , 78 NY2d 608 [1991]).

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division, insofar as appealed from, should be affirmed, with costs.