business law

Exclusive dealing arrangements are essentially requirements contracts in which a seller agrees to sell all or a substantial portion of its products or services to a particular buyer, or when a buyer similarly agrees to purchase all or a...

Federal legislation permitting the government to impose a tax on business in order to fund state unemployment agencies.  Employers must file a Form 940 annually to report this tax.

The 12-month period over which a company reports its spending and income.  It is measured by the first day of the month through the last day of the twelfth month.

The International Monetary Fund (“IMF”) defines foreign direct investment (“FDI”) as a “cross-border investment” in which an investor that is “resident in one economy [has] control or a...

Various non-wage employee benefits that are in addition to normal wages.  Some fringe benefits are exempt from taxation, provided certain conditions are satisfied.

Examples of fringe benefits are health insurance, life insurance and employee...

The formal and main accounting ledger of a company which contains all of the business' financial accounts and statements.

An agreement between a company and its top executive providing lucrative benefits in the event employment is terminated, usually due to a change in company ownership. 

The owner of property or assets.

A business' financial statement that measures its revenue performance over the course of a specific accounting period.

International trade is “the exchange of goods [or] services” “between nations.” Black’s Law Dictionary 285, 1529 (8th ed. 2004).

Intentional conduct that is wrongful or unlawful, especially by officials or public employees. Malfeasance is at a higher level of wrongdoing than nonfeasance (failure to act where there was a duty to act) or misfeasance (conduct that is lawful but...

A clause frequently included in bilateral investment treaties ("BITs") which provides that a host state shall treat all of its trading partners equally. Under such a clause, if the host state lowers a tariff for one trading partner...

A corporation’s defensive strategy against a hostile takeover bid in which current shareholders other than the tender-offer bidder or prospective bidder, upon a triggering event, have the right to purchase additional corporate stocks at a...

Under § 1202 of the Internal Revenue Code, stock of a domestic C corporation whose aggregate gross assets do not exceed $50,000,000 before or immediately after issuance. A taxpayer who acquires qualified small business stock at its original...

The Securities Act was Congress's opening shot in the war on securities fraud. Congress primarily targeted the issuers of securities. Companies which issue securities (called issuers) seek to raise money to fund...

The development of federal securities law was spurred by the stock market crash of 1929, and the resulting Great Depression.  In the period leading up to the stock market crash, companies issued stock and...