CIVICS

Privileges and Immunities Clause

The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV, Section 2 of the Constitution states that "the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states." This clause protects fundamental rights of...

prize law

Prize law refers to the laws and regulations governing capture at sea during an armed conflict. In maritime law, the prize means a vessel, cargo, or other property captured in an armed conflict. The body of international customary law and...

pro se

Pro se is Law Latin that means "for oneself." A litigant proceeds pro se when they choose to represent themselves in court, as opposed to litigating through a lawyer. See, e.g., Rivera v. Florida Department of Corrections, 526 U.S. 135 (1999...

probable cause

Definition

Probable cause is a requirement found in the Fourth Amendment that must usually be met before police make an arrest, conduct a search, or receive a warrant. Courts usually find probable cause when there is a reasonable basis for believing...

procedural due process

The U.S. Constitution requires that federal and state governments abide by certain procedures to protect the essential interests of all citizens. The Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution guarantee due process to all...

prompt judicial determination

The Fourth Amendment requires persons arrested without a warrant to be promptly brought before a neutral magistrate for a judicial determination of probable cause. There is no mandated time frame for the prompt judicial determination. Promptness merely...

promulgate

Promulgate means to openly declare, publicly announce, or proclaim. In the context of laws or regulations, promulgate means to put into force. In the case of In re New York State Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers v. Kaye, the Court of...

property power

Under Article IV, Section 3, Congress shall have the power "to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States".

See Congressional power.

property tax

A property tax refers to a tax on real property. Generally, property taxes are ad valorem, based on a fixed proportion of the value of the property on which the tax is assessed.

Ad valorem property taxes are based on...

proprietorship

A proprietorship is a form of business organization in which one person owns all the assets and assumes all the debts of the business. It is also referred to as sole proprietorship, or individual proprietorship. The owner of the...

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