criminal law and procedure

Joint criminal enterprise (JCE) refers to mode of liability used in international war crimes tribunals that extends criminal liability to willing members of criminal groups.

• international criminal law
• war crimes

A joint enterprise is an activity undertaken by two or more people who share a common purpose, a mutual interest in the objective to be achieved, and an equal or comparable level of control over the conduct of the enterprise.

The term has distinct meanings in different areas of law:

Joyriding is the unlawful taking of a vehicle without the consent of the owner, without intent to permanently deprive the owner of the vehicle. Joyriding is a criminal wrong.

A judge is an appointed or elected official who decides legal disputes in court. Judges are required to be impartial and unbiased in their decision making. It is important to note that the specific roles and powers of judges may vary across different jurisdictions.

Jurisdiction can be defined as:

1. Power of a court to adjudicate cases and issue orders; or
2. Territory within which a court or government agency may properly exercise its power. See, e.g. Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co. et al., 526 U.S. 574 (1999).

Jurisdiction: An Overview

• civil procedure
• courts
• federal courts
• state courts

A jury is a group of people empowered to make findings of fact and render a verdict for a trial. The judge decides questions of law, including whether particular items of evidence will be presented to the jury.

Justice has three meanings:

Justifiable homicide is the taking of a human life under certain circumstances permitted by law, such as self-defense or other causes defined by statute.

Justification is a type of defense that exempts the defendant from liability because the defendant's actions were justified, or not wrong.