The Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA)’s report on Ireland concerns how Ireland prevents and prosecutes human trafficking. The report demonstrated that the total number of presumed trafficking victims in Ireland fell from 103 in 2017 to 44 in 2021. According to GRETA, sexual exploitation remains the primary form of exploitation in Ireland, but the number of people trafficked for labour exploitation in sectors including fishing, farming, construction, catering, and domestic work grew over the same period. However, GRETA noted that these figures may underestimate the situation in Ireland, partly due to the persisting limitations of the existing procedures for identifying victims. These limitations include the fact that the Human Trafficking Investigation and Coordination Unite of An Garda Síochána (Ireland’s police force) is the sole competent authority tasked with identifying the victims of human trafficking, and the obligation to speak with An Garda Síochána may discourage self-identification, according to the report. Highlighting certain areas where underreporting is likely, GRETA found that trafficking for labour exploitation remains under-recognised and under-reported, and trafficking for criminal exploitation is an area where victims are often not recognised as such. Nevertheless, the report notes a number of positive developments since GRETA’s last evaluation of Ireland in 2017. These include the establishment of a human trafficking stakeholders forum in 2020 (bringing together relevant state departments, agencies and civil society organisations) and the designation of the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission as National Rapporteur for human trafficking. In sum, GRETA’s report urged the authorities in Ireland to take further action against human trafficking, notably by improving the prosecution of human traffickers and providing specialised shelters and compensation for victims. GRETA also urged the Irish authorities to adopt finalise a National Referral Mechanism, which ensures that different agencies are involved in identifying victims of all types of trafficking, and to provide trafficking victims with specialised assistance. Furthermore, GRETA noted that the number of investigations into human trafficking has been decreasing over the years, notes the report, and the number of prosecutions and convictions is very low. For instance, there have been no convictions for trafficking for labour exploitation in Ireland, despite the increasing number of identified suspected cases.
Women and Justice: Type: Reports
Reports
Evaluation Report: Ireland, Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2022)
The Report commences by highlighting that it deems the gender pay gap as a significant policy concern, and defines it as a metric that shows the difference in earnings of males and females in the labour market. It can be used to show the extent of gender inequalities in the labour market. As part of its analysis, the Report examined 2,600 employees in the Department of Justice, 60% of whom were women. It found that for department employees only (53% of the total figure, and not representing employees of agencies or bodies under the aegis of the Department of Justice), the unadjusted gender pay gap (comparing the pay of all men to all women) was 9%: in 2020, the average man earned €47,040, as opposed to the average female earning which stood at €42,953. The Report notes that 9% is lower than the Irish overall pay gap, which is 14.4%. It also compared the Department of Justice’s pay gap to other state departments, noting that some other gaps were lower. The difference was attributed to the make-up of the workforce in each organisation, levels of pay generally, the impact of senior appointments on organisations, the existence of targeted campaigns to recruit more women at senior management level, and/or the introduction of gender-related recruitment targets.
The Oireachtas Joint Committee on Justice and Equality was requested by the Taoiseach to consider the General Scheme of the 38th Amendment of the Constitution (Role of Women) Bill in terms of pre-legislative scrutiny. Article 41.2.1º of the Constitution provides: “In particular, the State recognises that by her life within the home, woman gives to the State a support without which the common good cannot be achieved.” Analysing the history of the provision, the Committee recognised that it was largely symbolic and has had little practical value, but that the dominant view was that it is desirable to amend or repeal it on account of its patriarchal and stereotyping nature. The Committee considered that the only avenue forward was to decide whether to delete the article simpliciter or replace it with alternative wording that is more appropriate to the present day and that reflects the value and recognition that society wishes to place on the role of carers in society. The former would bring legal certainty but the latter could arguably achieve a greater societal role. The Committee took the view that replacement with alternative wording was the most appropriate means of reform. In light of some disagreement over whether the alternative wording should be merely symbolic or involve entrenchment of meaningful socio-economic rights, the Committee proposed two options. The first proposal included draft wording which contained gender-neutral language. The second proposal recommended further dialogue and public consultation on the role and value of care work. As of 2022, there has been no change in the "role of women" constitutional provision.
Article 41.2.1º of the Constitution provides: “In particular, the State recognises that by her life within the home, woman gives to the State a support without which the common good cannot be achieved.” This report was one of several conducted to examine the wording of Article 41 of the Constitution with a view to recommending whether any amendments were necessary by way of a referendum. The Task Force was established by the Minister for Justice and Equality and was charged with collaborating with other government departments and the Office of the Attorney General, with a view to completing its tasks so that the Minister could report back to the Government on the issues arising in relation to Article 41.2. One of its main tasks was to examine proposals made for the amendment of Article 41.2 to find the most appropriate wording to present in a forthcoming referendum, and to consider cost implications of such proposals. The Task Force concluded by making two alternative recommendations. The first is to replace the existing text of Article 41.2.1º with a provision which would read along the lines of the following: “The State recognises that home and family life gives to society a support without which the common good cannot be achieved. The State shall endeavour to support persons caring for others within the home as may be determined by law.” The second is to replace the text of the Articles 41.2.1º and 41.2.2º with the following: “The State recognises that home and family life gives to society a support without which the common good cannot be achieved.” This would be followed by another provision, reading: “The State shall endeavour to ensure that persons caring for others in the home and in the wider community receive support in recognition of the contribution they make to society.” In sum, the Task Force recommended that the Department of Justice and Equality, in consultation with the Office of the Attorney General, further examine recommendations that the Constitution as a whole be amended to express gender-neutral language throughout the text. A 2018 report from the Oireachtas (available here) examined these provisions and produced similar conclusions and recommendations. As of 2022, no constitutional referenda on any of these matters have been put to the people since the publication of the report.
Ireland is a party to CEDAW, to which Ireland acceded in 1985. Ireland also committed to having its record under the Convention reviewed periodically by the UN’s CEDAW Committee. Ireland was examined by the CEDAW Committee in February 2017 for the first time since 2005. Accordingly, the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission (‘IHREC’) prepared a detailed report on Ireland’s record under the Convention to help inform the CEDAW Committee’s assessment of Ireland, and to highlight gaps in the protection of women’s rights in Ireland, submitting it to the CEDAW Committee in advance of the latter’s examination of Ireland. IHREC conducted an extensive nationwide consultation on the implementation of the Convention, conducting focus groups with marginalised groups of women, research visits to women living in detention facilities, and research visits to women seeking asylum and women refugees living in direct provision centres. In its submission, it was recommended that Ireland develop structures both at Governmental and parliamentary level to ensure the full implementation of the recommendations of the UN treaty monitoring bodies. In order to assist with implementing human rights obligations, IHREC considered that improvements need to be made to data collection systems. One such area where more data are needed is in the context of training of public officials in relation to women’s rights and gender equality. IHREC also observed that there exist gaps in the State’s ratification of international treaties in relation to treaties which have particular relevance to women’s rights, such as the Council of Europe’s Istanbul Convention.
IV Plan Nacional de Igualdad (2018-2024): Allanar obstáculos para la igualdad Sustantiva (2018)
The IV Equality Plan promotes effective equality by removing obstacles to equality and eliminating all forms of discrimination. In this regard, the Plan seeks to eliminate discrimination against women, promote equal access and participation of women in public decision-making, guarantee women a life free of violence, and create conditions that enable women to access justice free from sexist stereotypes.
El IV Plan Nacional de Igualdad promueve la igualdad efectiva removiendo los obstáculos y eliminando toda forma de discriminación. En este sentido, el Plan busca eliminar la discriminación contra las mujeres, promover la igualdad de acceso y participación de las mujeres en la toma de decisiones públicas, garantizar a las mujeres una vida libre de violencia y generar condiciones que permitan a las mujeres acceder a la justicia libres de estereotipos sexistas.
Plan Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva 2014 -2018 (2014)
The 2014-2018 National Strategy promoted strategic objectives such as improving the sexual and reproductive health of the Paraguayan population. This was to be achieved through the development of fair, equitable, and inclusive public policies with a gendered and intercultural focus.
El Plan Nacional 2014-2018 promovió objetivos estratégicos como mejorar la salud sexual y reproductiva de la población paraguaya. Esto se lograría a través del desarrollo de políticas públicas justas, equitativas e incluyentes con enfoque de género e interculturalidad.
The plan outlines general goals for the Government to work towards in four years. It highlights a need for specific attention towards issues of gender inequality, protection and empowerment of women, and education for women and children so that they can develop a more active role in civil society. The plan sets out to promote measures that strengthen gender equality and the rights of vulnerable peoples, as well as to spread knowledge on the rights of women and children.
O plano esboça metas gerais para o Governo trabalhar nos próximos quatro anos. Ele destaca a necessidade de atenção especial aos problemas de desigualdade de gênero, proteção e empoderamento feminino, e educação para mulheres e crianças, para que elas possam desenvolver um papel mais ativo na sociedade civil. O plano se propõe a promover medidas que possam fortalecer a igualdade de gênero e os direitos das pessoas vulneráveis, assim como a espalhar conhecimento sobre os direitos das mulheres e crianças.
The purpose of the framework strategy is to provide for a consistent and effective implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (the “Convention”) in BiH which was the first legally binding document of the Council of Europe in the field of preventing and combating violence against women. The strategy constitutes a comprehensive framework that defines the specific manner in which the Convention will be implemented in BiH and the way in which the legal and institutional framework will be harmonized with the Convention. It also defines the priorities in the field of preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, identifies responsible institutions, and introduces the framework of monitoring and reporting on the implementation of the strategy and the Convention. English translation available here.
This document provides a background to the history of trafficking in human beings in Bosnia and reflects on the implementation of the previous counter-trafficking plan, which was in place for 2013-2015. International resources, including the international political and legal framework, are explained in the context of the counter-trafficking plan in Bosnia. Specific actions are detailed to achieve each of five strategic objectives: (1) improve the support system for combating trafficking; (2) efficiently prosecute trafficking and related crimes; (3) prevent THB through risk reduction; (4) efficiently protect and assist trafficking victims; (5) strengthen the partnership and cooperation among stakeholders involved in combating trafficking. English translation of 2016-2019 plan available here. 2020-2023 plan in Bosnian available here. 2013-2015 plan in Bosnian available here and in English here.
Whose Justice? The Women of Bosnia and Herzegovina are Still Waiting (2009)
This report, published by Amnesty International, documents how the Bosnian authorities have violated a wide range of rights of the survivors of rape and other forms of sexual violence. The report discusses the prevalence of rape and other forms of sexual violence against women during the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It then considers how successive governments have consistently failed to bring those responsible to justice, ensure survivors’ access to an effective remedy, and provide survivors of sexual violence with reparations. Also available in Bosnian and French through External URL.
A framework strategic document for inclusion of the principle of gender equality in all areas of social life, providing guidelines for development of operational plans of institutions at all levels of government in Bosnia. It is orientated around three key strategic goals. First, the development, implementation, and monitoring of the program of measures for advancement of gender equality within governmental institutions. This first goal refers to the following areas of gender inequality: (i) gender-based violence; (ii) public life and decision making; (iii) labor, employment, access to economic resources; (iv) education, science, culture, sport; (v) health, prevention, protection; (vi) social protection; (vii) security. The second goal is establishing and strengthening systems, mechanisms, and instruments to achieve gender equality. This goal (i) refers to coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the Gender Action Plan in Bosnia, as well as international and domestic gender equality standards; and (ii) considers raising awareness of gender equality, and monitoring and assessing progress in reaching gender equality. Finally, the third goal is to establish and strengthen co-operation and partnership, which (i) refers to cooperation at regional and international levels, and (ii) takes into account cooperation with civil society organizations and the academic community. English translation available here.
National Strategic Plan on Gender-based Violence & Femicide (2020)
The South African government released a National Strategic Plan (“NSP”) in response to the 2018 Summit on Gender-Based Violence and Femicide. The Summit identified key interventions and developed strategies regarding gender-based violence and other challenges women and children face in South Africa. The NSP was published as a framework to recognize and affirm the challenges and rights identified at the Summit. The vision of the NSP is “A South Africa free from gender-based violence directed at women, children and LGBTQIA+ persons” and is enacted through six key pillars: 1. accountability, coordination and leadership; 2. prevention and rebuilding social cohesion; 3. justice, safety, and protection; 4. response, care, support, and healing; 5. economic power; and 6. research and information management. The NSP lists specific general strategies and defines the roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders to accelerate, advance, and realize the vision and outcomes of the NSP. The NSP outlines the specific short-and long-term goals and which stakeholder is responsible for specific targets under each pillar. It also provides a brief history of gender-based violence and femicide in South Africa, as well as a summary of relevant legislation in South Africa.
This report by the Eurasian Coalition on Male Health (ECOM.ngo) discusses the status and treatment of LGBTQ people in Georgia, specifically gay men, other men who have sex with men (MSM), and trans people. It explains existing legal protections for LGBTQ people, societal attitudes, human rights violations, and recommendations for future progress. (PDF is in English. The External Link offers Russian, English, and Estonian.)
This report provides an overview of Georgian law regarding the discrimination against and the violation of human rights for members of the LGBTQ community. The letter is written by the UN’s Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, Victor Madrigal-Borloz, and assesses the implementation of existing and national and international human rights standards to combat violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. (Links to translations in: Russian, French, Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese).
The objective of the protocol is the standardization of conduct of police officers in cases of domestic and intimate partner violence against women, as well as the specialization of certain police officers who will participate in the police response in these cases. (Official English translation available through External URL.)
The Special Protocol is founded on the respect for fundamental principles laid down in the Law on Social Protection, including principles of respect for the integrity and dignity of the beneficiary, principle of prohibition of discrimination, principle of acting in the best interest of the beneficiary, and principle of the least restrictive environment. The person suffering domestic and intimate partner violence has the right to information, to participate in decision-making, to freely choose family law and protection services, to confidentiality and privacy, and to file a complaint. (Official English translation available through External URL.)
In accordance with the Law on the Basic Principles of Education, educational institutions are obliged to secure conditions for safe and encouraging growth and development of the child and pupil (girls and boys), protection from all forms of violence, abuse and neglect, and social reintegration of a child and pupil who committed or was exposed to violence, abuse or neglect. educational institution must (1) establish a team for protection from violence, abuse, and neglect and (2) adopt a protection program and to document, analyze, and report on the cases of violence against children and staff members in their institution. (See External URL for official English translation.)
This publication aims to present together the institutional solutions for coordinating cooperation between government and other stakeholders in service of victims of domestic and intimate partner violence. The adoption of the general and the special protocols by the Serbian Government helps achieve the objectives of Strategic Area 3: International Cooperation of the National Strategy for Prevention and Elimination of Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence adopted in April 2011. (Official English translation available through External URL.)
Adopted by the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Policy, this Protocol addresses how these ministries should respond to reports of domestic violence. The Special Protocol for the Protection and Treatment of Women Victims of Violence outlines procedures for risk-assessments, identifying violence, law enforcement response, and documenting incidents. (English translation available here.)
The Protocols impose positive obligations on the police, social protection system, health services, public prosecution, and court systems in cases of domestic violence. (English translation available here.)
Analysis of the precedents of the Cantonal Courts on the Gender Equality Act (2017)
The study is an in-depth analysis of 190 records of cantonal conciliation hearings and judgments under the Federal Gender Equality Act, 1996 (the “Act”) over the period of 2004 to 2015 by authors Karine Lempen (Law Professor, University of Geneva) and Aner Voloder (Lawyer, Office for Gender Equality of the Municipality of Zurich). Among the major findings and conclusions reached in the study are the following:
Proceedings under the Act are nearly always brought by private individuals (mainly women) and very rarely by organizations, notwithstanding the provision of the Act authorizing court actions relating to gender discrimination to be brought by organizations. Individuals bringing a case of gender discrimination to the courts most commonly complain of pay discrimination or discriminatory dismissal, and in the vast majority of cases employment has ceased before the court issues its judgment. Bringing an action under the Act very often entails losing one's job. Almost one-third of discrimination cases relate to pregnancy or maternity, with discrimination often occurring on return to work after maternity leave and the mother being dismissed by the employer. Discriminatory or constructive dismissal cases are often adjudged solely under Swiss employment laws rather than under the specific provisions of the Act. In some cases this has resulted in a failure to relax the plaintiff’s burden of proof as provided in the Act. Most persons bringing proceedings for gender-based discrimination do not win their cases, with the analysis showing that 62.5% of rulings enforcing the Act find mostly or entirely against the claiming employee. Similarly, it is not unusual for the employee in the action to be ordered to pay costs which may amount to several thousand Swiss francs. The protection in the Act against constructive dismissal has proved to be fairly ineffective in practice, with court actions rarely being brought under that provision and all but one of such actions failing. The failure rate is particularly high (82.8%) when the alleged form of discrimination is sexual harassment, with the courts often failing to recognize that the intention of procuring sexual favors is not necessary to a finding of a hostile working environment, and therefore of sexual harassment under the Act. Moreover, it is rare for judgments to assess the extent to which the employer has met its obligation to prevent harassment. The special compensation allowed under the Act for sexual harassment is rarely awarded.
Based on the conclusions reached in the study, the authors make a number of recommendations -- for amendments to the Act and other specific legislative changes, improved training of the judiciary with regard to the Act, actions by Swiss equality offices (including improved data collection, more in-depth study of maternity-based discrimination in Switzerland and actions to raise awareness generally of the Act and the rights it provides), and universities (to require study of the Act as part of the bachelor’s degree course of study in law) -- in order to improve access to justice for people discriminated against on grounds of gender in working life.
Our Time to Sing and Play: Child Marriage in Nepal, Human Rights Watch (2016)
While there are certain legal protections in place, such as a law establishing the minimum age of marriage at 20, enforcement is weak. Police and local governments rarely intervene to prevent child marriages. Nepal’s Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 5, targets ending child marriage by 2030. Further developing the National Plan of Action to End Child Marriage would advance Nepal’s National Strategy to End Child Marriage. 37% of girls in Nepal marry before age 18, 10% percent marry before age 15, and many marry around the time they begin menstruating. Child marriage, mostly resulting from forced marriage arrangements, is most prevalent in marginalized and lower caste communities. The key factors contributing to child marriage include poverty, lack of access to education and reproductive healthcare, child labor, social pressures and gender inequality, and the institution of dowry, which is payment by a bride’s family to the husband’s family for the marriage. In Nepali society, girls are often seen as a burden to a family, because they are expected to live with the husband’s families, as opposed to staying with and financially providing for their own families. The negative impact of child marriage includes dropping out of school, bearing and raising children too early in a child’s life, and domestic violence by the husband or husband’s family.
The Handbook aims to function as a practice guide for judicial officials and legal practitioners who work in the area of juvenile law. It addresses a range of issues from the constitutional, statutory, and human rights framework of juvenile law, special issues that arise in cases of child sexual abuse, and procedural protections for juvenile witnesses.
Avon Global Center 2013 Women and Justice Conference Report (2014)
Sexual Violence by Educators in South African Schools: Gaps in Accountability (2014)
The Centre for Applied Legal Studies at the University of Witwatersrand and Avon Global Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School released a joint report on sexual violence committed by educators against students in South African schools.
Die Sentrum vir Toegepaste Regstudies by die Universiteit van Witwatersrand en Avon Global Centre for Women and Justice by Cornell Law School het 'n gesamentlike verslag vrygestel oor seksuele geweld wat opvoeders teen studente in Suid-Afrikaanse skole gepleeg het.
Avon Global Center 2012 Women and Justice Conference Report (2013)
Avon Global Center 2011 Women and Justice Conference Report (2012)
In 2011, the Avon Global Center for Women and Justice hosted a conference in New Delhi, India on the theme “Gender-Based Violence and Justice in South Asia.”
Avon Global Center 2010 Women and Justice Conference Report (2011)
In 2010, the Avon Global Center for Women and Justice held a conference in Washington, DC to discuss advances and obstacles to securing justice for women and girls in conflict and post-conflict areas.
Gender Issues and International Legal Standards: Contemporary Perspectives (2010)
Lessons Learnt and Experiences Gained in the UNFPA Supported WPC Project on Addressing Sex Selection (2012)
"They are Destroying Our Futures" Sexual Violence Against Girls in Zambia's Schools (2012)
A report by the Avon Global Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School, Women and Law in Southern Africa-Zambia, and the Cornell Law School International Human Rights Clinic examining the problem of sexual violence against girls in school in Zambia.
Although great strides have been made in breaking down the barriers that have previously kept women from being able to have the same rights and privileges to work in the legal profession that men enjoy, there is still progress to be made.
Women in Prison in Argentina: Causes, Conditions, and Consequences (2013)
Report by the Avon Global Center for Women and Justice and International Human Rights Clinic, University of Chicago Law School's International Human Rights Clinic, and the Public Defender's Office in Argentina finding that women and their families are disproportionately affected by the harsh penalties imposed for low-level drug offences in Argentina.
Informe del Centro Mundial para las Mujeres y la Justicia y la Clínica Internacional de Derechos Humanos de Avon, la Clínica Internacional de Derechos Humanos de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Chicago, y la Oficina del Defensor Público de Argentina que encuentran que las mujeres y sus familias se ven afectadas de manera desproporcionada por las duras sanciones impuestas por delitos de drogas de nivel en la Argentina.
On May 14th, The Avon Global Center and the University of Chicago Law School co-hosted a meeting of experts on the causes, conditions and consequences of women’s imprisonment globally. About 35 experts from the U.S., U.K., Russia, and Argentina participated in the meeting, including policy advocates, impact litigators, scholars, service providers, and senior department of corrections officials.
El 14 de mayo, el Avon Global Center y la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Chicago organizaron conjuntamente una reunión de expertos sobre las causas, las condiciones y las consecuencias del encarcelamiento de mujeres en todo el mundo. Alrededor de 35 expertos de los EE. UU., EE. UU., Rusia y Argentina participaron en la reunión, incluidos defensores de políticas, litigantes de impacto, académicos, proveedores de servicios y funcionarios superiores del departamento de correcciones.
Report by Lawyers Collective Women’s Rights Initiative (LCWRI), International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) and UN Trust Fund to End Violence Against Women on the implementation of India’s domestic violence law since its establishment in 2005 (2010).
After the guns fall silent: Sexual and gender-based violence in Timor-Leste (2009)
Report by Timor-Leste Armed Violence Assessment, examining the scale and magnitude of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) directed against women and girls in Timor-Leste (November, 2009).
Costing and Financing 1325 (2010)
He Loves You, He Beats You (2011)
Report by Human Rights Watch documenting violence against women and girls by husbands, partners, and family members in Turkey, and the survivors' struggle to seek protection (2011).
GENDER 2010 Report Card on the International Criminal Court (2011)
The Role of the Judiciary in Promoting Gender Justice in Africa (English) (2008)
Global Financial and Economic Crisis and its Impact on Women: a Human Rights Perspective (2008)
The Role of the Judiciary in Promoting Gender Justice in Africa (French) (2008)
Report by Rashida Manjoo, Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, on her mission to the United States of America (2011).
Hidden in the Mealie Meal (2007)
Human Rights Watch Report on the Zambian government's failure to meet its international obligations to combat violence and discrimination against women. The report documents abuses that obstruct women's ability to start and adhere to HIV treatment regimens, including violence against women and insecure property rights (2007).
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for the Advancement of Women
Trafficking for sexual exploitation: Victim protection in international and domestic asylum law (2011)
Staying Alive (2005)
Lawyer's Collective of India Report evaluating the implementation of the Domestic Violence Act of 2005 in India.
AIDS-Free World, December 2009.
Human Rights and Gender Equality in Health Sector Strategies: How to Assess Policy Coherence (2011)
“I Am Not Dead, But I Am Not Living" Barriers to Fistula Prevention and Treatment in Kenya (2010)
Human Rights Watch report describing the situation of women with fistula in Kenya, including the increased risk of stigma and violence and the impact of a health system that fails to properly address the problem of fistula. July 15, 2010. Copyright 2010 Human Rights Watch.
Minority Rights: International Standards And Guidance for Implementation (2010)
Report by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)(2010).
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women (2005)
Human Rights Watch report on female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Addressing Conflict-Related Sexual Violence – An Analytical Inventory of Peacekeeping Practice (2010)
Progress of the World's Women 2008/2009: Who Answers to Women? (2008)
Women's Empowerment Principles: Equality Means Business (2010)
UNFPA Report presenting the findings, analysis and recommendations from the Evaluation of the SGBV Crimes Unit, which has as its purpose to prosecute perpetrators of gender and sexual based violence, particularly rape, in Liberia (November 2010).
African Statistical Journal: A Special Issue on Gender (2010)
Rape and sexual violence: Human rights law and standards in the International Criminal Court (2011)
Women's control over economic resources and access to financial resources, including microfinance (2009)
UN Women 2009 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development (2009).
Nowhere to Turn: Failure to Protect, Support & Assure Justice for Darfuri Women (2009)
By Physicians for Human Rights with Harvard Humanitarian Initiative.
An Agenda For Change: Implementing the Platform of Action against Human Trafficking (2009)
Violence is not Just a Family Affair: Women Face Abuse in Tajikistan (2009)
Amnesty International Report EUR 60/001/2009, November 24, 2009.
CEDAW and Muslim Family Laws (2010)
Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women Thematic Report (2010)
Aftershocks: Women speak out against sexual violence in Haiti's camps (2011)
Report by Amnesty International highlighting the protection needs of women and girls in camps in Haiti after the earthquake (2011).
Informe de Amnistía Internacional que destaca las necesidades de protección de las mujeres y las niñas en los campamentos de Haití después del terremoto del 2011.
Human Rights Watch, July 13, 2010.
Our Bodies are Still Trembling - Haitian Women's Fight Against Rape (2010)
IJDH, MADRE, TransAfrica Forum, and the Universities of Minnesota and Virginia law schools author report to ensure more effective protection and promotion of women's human rights in Haiti.
IJDH, MADRE, TransAfrica Forum y las facultades de derecho de las Universidades de Minnesota y Virginia escribieron un reporte para garantizar una protección y promoción más eficaz de los derechos humanos de las mujeres en Haití.
Silence is Violence (2009)
The UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights exposes the abuse of women in Afghanistan, July 9, 2009.
Sexual Violence in Haiti's IDP Camps: Results of a Household Survey (2011)
Report by the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice presenting preliminary data from a survey of households, focusing on reported incidents of sexual violence (2011).
Informe del Centro de Derechos Humanos y Justicia Global que presenta datos preliminares de una encuesta de hogares, centrada en los incidentes denunciados de violencia sexual (2011).
Combating Acid Violence in Bangladesh, Cambodia, and India (2011)
A Report by the Avon Global Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School, the Committee on International Human Rights of the New York City Bar Association, the Cornell Law School International Human Rights Clinic, and the Virtue Foundation.
Burnt Not Defeated (2007)
Report by Campaign and Struggle Against Acid Attacks on Women (CSAAAW) on acid attacks in Karnataka, India.
Report by Human Rights Watch documenting acts of violence, harassment, and threats against women in Chechnya to intimidate them into wearing a headscarf or dressing more "modestly."
Afraid and Forgotten: Lawlessness, Rape, and Impunity in Western Côte d'Ivoire (2010)
Human Rights Watch Report documenting the often brutal physical and sexual violence in the western administrative regions of Moyen Cavally and Dix-Huit Montagnes in the Cote d'Ivoire (2010).
A Report by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative With Support from Oxfam America, April 2010
Human Rights Watch Report documenting persistent sexual violence by the army in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the limited impact of government and donor efforts to address the problem (2009).
In Pursuit of Peace (2010)
Guatemala Human Rights Commission releases report one year after Guatemalan Law Against 8 passed.
La Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Guatemala publicó un reporte un año después de que la Ley 8 pasara.
Bottom of the Ladder: Exploitation and Abuse of Girl Domestic Workers in Guinea (2007)
Human Rights Watch Report documenting how girls as young as 8 years old work up to 18 hours a day as domestic workers in Guinea, frequently without pay, and are often insulted, beaten and raped by their employers (2007).