| Syllabus | Opinion [ Kennedy ] | Dissent [ Scalia ] | Dissent [ Thomas ] | Dissent [ Ginsburg ] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTML version PDF version | HTML version PDF version | HTML version PDF version | HTML version PDF version | HTML version PDF version |
[April 7, 2003]
Justice Scalia, dissenting.
I adhere to the view expressed in my dissenting opinion in BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559,
598-99 (1996), that the Due Process Clause pro-
vides no substantive protections against excessive or