11 USC § 110 - Penalty for persons who negligently or fraudulently prepare bankruptcy petitions

(a) In this section—

(1) “bankruptcy petition preparer” means a person, other than an attorney for the debtor or an employee of such attorney under the direct supervision of such attorney, who prepares for compensation a document for filing; and

(2) “document for filing” means a petition or any other document prepared for filing by a debtor in a United States bankruptcy court or a United States district court in connection with a case under this title.

(b)

(1) A bankruptcy petition preparer who prepares a document for filing shall sign the document and print on the document the preparer’s name and address. If a bankruptcy petition preparer is not an individual, then an officer, principal, responsible person, or partner of the bankruptcy petition preparer shall be required to—

(A) sign the document for filing; and

(B) print on the document the name and address of that officer, principal, responsible person, or partner.

(2)

(A) Before preparing any document for filing or accepting any fees from or on behalf of a debtor, the bankruptcy petition preparer shall provide to the debtor a written notice which shall be on an official form prescribed by the Judicial Conference of the United States in accordance with rule 9009 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

(B) The notice under subparagraph (A)—

(i) shall inform the debtor in simple language that a bankruptcy petition preparer is not an attorney and may not practice law or give legal advice;

(ii) may contain a description of examples of legal advice that a bankruptcy petition preparer is not authorized to give, in addition to any advice that the preparer may not give by reason of subsection (e)(2); and

(iii) shall—

(I) be signed by the debtor and, under penalty of perjury, by the bankruptcy petition preparer; and

(II) be filed with any document for filing.

(c)

(1) A bankruptcy petition preparer who prepares a document for filing shall place on the document, after the preparer’s signature, an identifying number that identifies individuals who prepared the document.

(2)

(A) Subject to subparagraph (B), for purposes of this section, the identifying number of a bankruptcy petition preparer shall be the Social Security account number of each individual who prepared the document or assisted in its preparation.

(B) If a bankruptcy petition preparer is not an individual, the identifying number of the bankruptcy petition preparer shall be the Social Security account number of the officer, principal, responsible person, or partner of the bankruptcy petition preparer.

(d) A bankruptcy petition preparer shall, not later than the time at which a document for filing is presented for the debtor’s signature, furnish to the debtor a copy of the document.

(e)

(1) A bankruptcy petition preparer shall not execute any document on behalf of a debtor.

(2)

(A) A bankruptcy petition preparer may not offer a potential bankruptcy debtor any legal advice, including any legal advice described in subparagraph (B).

(B) The legal advice referred to in subparagraph (A) includes advising the debtor—

(i) whether—

(I) to file a petition under this title; or

(II) commencing a case under chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13 is appropriate;

(ii) whether the debtor’s debts will be discharged in a case under this title;

(iii) whether the debtor will be able to retain the debtor’s home, car, or other property after commencing a case under this title;

(iv) concerning—

(I) the tax consequences of a case brought under this title; or

(II) the dischargeability of tax claims;

(v) whether the debtor may or should promise to repay debts to a creditor or enter into a reaffirmation agreement with a creditor to reaffirm a debt;

(vi) concerning how to characterize the nature of the debtor’s interests in property or the debtor’s debts; or

(vii) concerning bankruptcy procedures and rights.

(f) A bankruptcy petition preparer shall not use the word “legal” or any similar term in any advertisements, or advertise under any category that includes the word “legal” or any similar term.

(g) A bankruptcy petition preparer shall not collect or receive any payment from the debtor or on behalf of the debtor for the court fees in connection with filing the petition.

(h)

(1) The Supreme Court may promulgate rules under section 2075 of title 28, or the Judicial Conference of the United States may prescribe guidelines, for setting a maximum allowable fee chargeable by a bankruptcy petition preparer. A bankruptcy petition preparer shall notify the debtor of any such maximum amount before preparing any document for filing for the debtor or accepting any fee from or on behalf of the debtor.

(2) A declaration under penalty of perjury by the bankruptcy petition preparer shall be filed together with the petition, disclosing any fee received from or on behalf of the debtor within 12 months immediately prior to the filing of the case, and any unpaid fee charged to the debtor. If rules or guidelines setting a maximum fee for services have been promulgated or prescribed under paragraph (1), the declaration under this paragraph shall include a certification that the bankruptcy petition preparer complied with the notification requirement under paragraph (1).

(3)

(A) The court shall disallow and order the immediate turnover to the bankruptcy trustee any fee referred to in paragraph (2)—

(i) found to be in excess of the value of any services rendered by the bankruptcy petition preparer during the 12-month period immediately preceding the date of the filing of the petition; or

(ii) found to be in violation of any rule or guideline promulgated or prescribed under paragraph (1).

(B) All fees charged by a bankruptcy petition preparer may be forfeited in any case in which the bankruptcy petition preparer fails to comply with this subsection or subsection (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), or (g).

(C) An individual may exempt any funds recovered under this paragraph under section 522 (b).

(4) The debtor, the trustee, a creditor, the United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any) or the court, on the initiative of the court, may file a motion for an order under paragraph (3).

(5) A bankruptcy petition preparer shall be fined not more than $500 for each failure to comply with a court order to turn over funds within 30 days of service of such order.

(i)

(1) If a bankruptcy petition preparer violates this section or commits any act that the court finds to be fraudulent, unfair, or deceptive, on the motion of the debtor, trustee, United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any), and after notice and a hearing, the court shall order the bankruptcy petition preparer to pay to the debtor—

(A) the debtor’s actual damages;

(B) the greater of—

(i) $2,000; or

(ii) twice the amount paid by the debtor to the bankruptcy petition preparer for the preparer’s services; and

(C) reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs in moving for damages under this subsection.

(2) If the trustee or creditor moves for damages on behalf of the debtor under this subsection, the bankruptcy petition preparer shall be ordered to pay the movant the additional amount of $1,000 plus reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred.

(j)

(1) A debtor for whom a bankruptcy petition preparer has prepared a document for filing, the trustee, a creditor, or the United States trustee in the district in which the bankruptcy petition preparer resides, has conducted business, or the United States trustee in any other district in which the debtor resides may bring a civil action to enjoin a bankruptcy petition preparer from engaging in any conduct in violation of this section or from further acting as a bankruptcy petition preparer.

(2)

(A) In an action under paragraph (1), if the court finds that—

(i) a bankruptcy petition preparer has—

(I) engaged in conduct in violation of this section or of any provision of this title;

(II) misrepresented the preparer’s experience or education as a bankruptcy petition preparer; or

(III) engaged in any other fraudulent, unfair, or deceptive conduct; and

(ii) injunctive relief is appropriate to prevent the recurrence of such conduct,

the court may enjoin the bankruptcy petition preparer from engaging in such conduct.

(B) If the court finds that a bankruptcy petition preparer has continually engaged in conduct described in subclause (I), (II), or (III) of clause (i) and that an injunction prohibiting such conduct would not be sufficient to prevent such person’s interference with the proper administration of this title, has not paid a penalty imposed under this section, or failed to disgorge all fees ordered by the court the court may enjoin the person from acting as a bankruptcy petition preparer.

(3) The court, as part of its contempt power, may enjoin a bankruptcy petition preparer that has failed to comply with a previous order issued under this section. The injunction under this paragraph may be issued on the motion of the court, the trustee, or the United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any).

(4) The court shall award to a debtor, trustee, or creditor that brings a successful action under this subsection reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs of the action, to be paid by the bankruptcy petition preparer.

(k) Nothing in this section shall be construed to permit activities that are otherwise prohibited by law, including rules and laws that prohibit the unauthorized practice of law.

(l)

(1) A bankruptcy petition preparer who fails to comply with any provision of subsection (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), or (h) may be fined not more than $500 for each such failure.

(2) The court shall triple the amount of a fine assessed under paragraph (1) in any case in which the court finds that a bankruptcy petition preparer—

(A) advised the debtor to exclude assets or income that should have been included on applicable schedules;

(B) advised the debtor to use a false Social Security account number;

(C) failed to inform the debtor that the debtor was filing for relief under this title; or

(D) prepared a document for filing in a manner that failed to disclose the identity of the bankruptcy petition preparer.

(3) A debtor, trustee, creditor, or United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any) may file a motion for an order imposing a fine on the bankruptcy petition preparer for any violation of this section.

(4)

(A) Fines imposed under this subsection in judicial districts served by United States trustees shall be paid to the United States trustees, who shall deposit an amount equal to such fines in the United States Trustee Fund.

(B) Fines imposed under this subsection in judicial districts served by bankruptcy administrators shall be deposited as offsetting receipts to the fund established under section 1931 of title 28, and shall remain available until expended to reimburse any appropriation for the amount paid out of such appropriation for expenses of the operation and maintenance of the courts of the United States.

Source

(Added Pub. L. 103–394, title III, § 308(a),Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4135; amended Pub. L. 109–8, title II, § 221, title XII, § 1205,Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 59, 194; Pub. L. 110–161, div. B, title II, § 212(b),Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1914; Pub. L. 111–327, § 2(a)(7),Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3558.)

References in Text

The Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(A), are set out in the Appendix to this title.

Amendments

2010—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–327, § 2(a)(7)(A), inserted “or on behalf of” after “from”.

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 111–327, § 2(a)(7)(B)(i), in last sentence, substituted “filing for the debtor” for “filing for a debtor” and inserted “or on behalf of” after “from”.

Subsec. (h)(3)(A). Pub. L. 111–327, § 2(a)(7)(B)(ii)(I), struck out “found to be in excess of the value of any services” after “paragraph (2)” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (h)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 111–327, § 2(a)(7)(B)(ii)(II), inserted “found to be in excess of the value of any services” after “(i)”.

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 111–327, § 2(a)(7)(B)(iii), substituted “paragraph (3)” for “paragraph (2)”.

2007—Subsec. (l)(4)(A). Pub. L. 110–161amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “Fines imposed under this subsection in judicial districts served by United States trustees shall be paid to the United States trustee, who shall deposit an amount equal to such fines in a special account of the United States Trustee System Fund referred to in section 586 (e)(2) of title 28. Amounts deposited under this subparagraph shall be available to fund the enforcement of this section on a national basis.”

2005—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(1), substituted “for the debtor or an employee of such attorney under the direct supervision of such attorney” for “or an employee of an attorney”.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(2)(A), inserted at end “If a bankruptcy petition preparer is not an individual, then an officer, principal, responsible person, or partner of the bankruptcy petition preparer shall be required to—” and added subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(2)(B), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “A bankruptcy petition preparer who fails to comply with paragraph (1) may be fined not more than $500 for each such failure unless the failure is due to reasonable cause.”

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(3)(A), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), substituted “Subject to subparagraph (B), for purposes” for “For purposes”, and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(3)(B), struck out par. (3) which read as follows: “A bankruptcy petition preparer who fails to comply with paragraph (1) may be fined not more than $500 for each such failure unless the failure is due to reasonable cause.”

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(4), struck out par. (1) designation before “A bankruptcy petition preparer shall” and struck out par. (2) which read as follows: “A bankruptcy petition preparer who fails to comply with paragraph (1) may be fined not more than $500 for each such failure unless the failure is due to reasonable cause.”

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(5), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “A bankruptcy petition preparer may be fined not more than $500 for each document executed in violation of paragraph (1).”

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(6), struck out par. (1) designation before “A bankruptcy petition preparer shall not” and struck out par. (2) which read as follows: “A bankruptcy petition preparer shall be fined not more than $500 for each violation of paragraph (1).”

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(7), struck out par. (1) designation before “A bankruptcy petition preparer shall not” and struck out par. (2) which read as follows: “A bankruptcy petition preparer shall be fined not more than $500 for each violation of paragraph (1).”

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(8)(B), added par. (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (2).

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(8)(A), (C), redesignated par. (1) as (2), substituted “A” for “Within 10 days after the date of the filing of a petition, a bankruptcy petition preparer shall file a”, inserted “by the bankruptcy petition preparer shall be filed together with the petition,” after “perjury”, and inserted at end “If rules or guidelines setting a maximum fee for services have been promulgated or prescribed under paragraph (1), the declaration under this paragraph shall include a certification that the bankruptcy petition preparer complied with the notification requirement under paragraph (1).” Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(8)(D), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: “The court shall disallow and order the immediate turnover to the bankruptcy trustee of any fee referred to in paragraph (1) found to be in excess of the value of services rendered for the documents prepared. An individual debtor may exempt any funds so recovered under section 522 (b).”

Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(8)(A) redesignated par. (2) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(8)(E), substituted “the United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any) or the court, on the initiative of the court,” for “or the United States trustee”.

Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(8)(A) redesignated par. (3) as (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).

Subsec. (h)(5). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(8)(A) redesignated par. (4) as (5).

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(9), inserted introductory provisions and struck out former introductory provisions which read as follows: “If a bankruptcy case or related proceeding is dismissed because of the failure to file bankruptcy papers, including papers specified in section 521 (1) of this title, the negligence or intentional disregard of this title or the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure by a bankruptcy petition preparer, or if a bankruptcy petition preparer violates this section or commits any fraudulent, unfair, or deceptive act, the bankruptcy court shall certify that fact to the district court, and the district court, on motion of the debtor, the trustee, or a creditor and after a hearing, shall order the bankruptcy petition preparer to pay to the debtor—”.

Subsec. (j)(2)(A)(i)(I). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(10)(A)(i), struck out “a violation of which subjects a person to criminal penalty” after “any provision of this title”.

Subsec. (j)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(10)(A)(ii), substituted “has not paid a penalty” for “or has not paid a penalty” and inserted “or failed to disgorge all fees ordered by the court” after “a penalty imposed under this section,”.

Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(10)(C) added par. (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (j)(4). Pub. L. 109–8, § 1205, substituted “attorneys” for “attorney’s”.

Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(10)(B), redesignated par. (3) as (4).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 109–8, § 221(11), added subsec. (l).

Effective Date of 2005 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 ofPub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 ofPub. L. 103–394, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.