narcotics

Narcotics are perception-altering or sensory-dulling substances either derived from natural sources, such as opium or coca plants, or produced synthetically to replicate their effects. In the United States, narcotics are regulated as controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and classified within Schedules I, II, III, and V depending on their medical use, potential for abuse, and risk of dependence.

Under 21 U.S.C. § 802.17, “narcotic drug” includes:

• Opium, opiates, and their derivatives, including isomers, esters, ethers, and salts (excluding the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium).
• Poppy straw and concentrate of poppy straw.
• Coca leaves and their derivatives, except when cocaine, ecgonine, and related compounds have been removed.
• Cocaine and its salts and isomers.
• Ecgonine and its derivatives, including salts and isomers.
• Any compound or preparation containing any quantity of the above substances.

The manufacture, distribution, or trafficking of narcotics constitutes a felony under federal and state law and may result in imprisonment. Simple possession or use without a valid prescription is generally a misdemeanor, though penalties vary by jurisdiction. For example, under California Health and Safety Code § 11350, unlawful possession of a controlled substance, including narcotics, is punishable by up to one year in jail.

[Last reviewed in October of 2025 by the Wex Definitions Team] 

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