“The Congress finds the following:
“(1)
The use of
tobacco products by the Nation’s children is a pediatric disease of considerable proportions that results in new generations of tobacco-dependent children and adults.
“(2)
A consensus exists within the scientific and medical communities that
tobacco products are inherently dangerous and cause cancer, heart disease, and other serious adverse health effects.
“(4)
Virtually all new users of
tobacco products are under the minimum legal age to purchase such products.
“(5)
Tobacco advertising and marketing contribute significantly to the use of
nicotine-containing
tobacco products by adolescents.
“(6)
Because past efforts to restrict advertising and marketing of
tobacco products have failed adequately to curb tobacco use by adolescents, comprehensive restrictions on the sale, promotion, and distribution of such products are needed.
“(7)
Federal and
State governments have lacked the legal and regulatory authority and resources they need to address comprehensively the public health and societal problems caused by the use of
tobacco products.
“(8)
Federal and
State public health officials, the public health community, and the public at large recognize that the tobacco industry should be subject to ongoing oversight.
“(9)
Under article I, section 8 of the Constitution, the
Congress is vested with the responsibility for regulating interstate
commerce and
commerce with
Indian tribes.
“(10)
The sale, distribution, marketing, advertising, and use of
tobacco products are activities in and substantially affecting interstate
commerce because they are sold, marketed, advertised, and distributed in interstate
commerce on a nationwide basis, and have a substantial effect on the Nation’s economy.
“(11)
The sale, distribution, marketing, advertising, and use of such products substantially affect interstate
commerce through the health care and other costs attributable to the use of
tobacco products.
“(12)
It is in the public interest for
Congress to enact legislation that provides the
Food and Drug Administration with the authority to regulate
tobacco products and the advertising and promotion of such products. The benefits to the American people from enacting such legislation would be significant in human and economic terms.
“(13)
Tobacco use is the foremost preventable cause of premature death in America. It causes over 400,000 deaths in the
United States each year, and approximately 8,600,000 Americans have chronic illnesses related to smoking.
“(14)
Reducing the use of tobacco by minors by 50 percent would prevent well over 10,000,000 of today’s children from becoming regular, daily smokers, saving over 3,000,000 of them from premature death due to tobacco-induced disease. Such a reduction in youth smoking would also result in approximately $75,000,000,000 in savings attributable to reduced health care costs.
“(15)
Advertising, marketing, and promotion of
tobacco products have been especially directed to attract young
persons to use
tobacco products, and these efforts have resulted in increased use of such products by youth. Past efforts to oversee these activities have not been successful in adequately preventing such increased use.
“(16)
In 2005, the
cigarette manufacturers spent more than $13,000,000,000 to attract new users, retain current users, increase current consumption, and generate favorable long-term attitudes toward smoking and tobacco use.
“(17)
Tobacco product advertising often misleadingly portrays the use of tobacco as socially acceptable and healthful to minors.
“(19)
Through advertisements during and sponsorship of sporting events, tobacco has become strongly associated with sports and has become portrayed as an integral part of sports and the healthy lifestyle associated with rigorous sporting activity.
“(20)
Children are exposed to substantial and unavoidable tobacco advertising that leads to favorable beliefs about tobacco use, plays a role in leading young people to overestimate the prevalence of tobacco use, and increases the number of young people who begin to use tobacco.
“(22)
Tobacco advertising expands the size of the tobacco market by increasing consumption of
tobacco products including tobacco use by young people.
“(23)
Children are more influenced by tobacco marketing than adults: more than 80 percent of youth smoke three heavily marketed
brands, while only 54 percent of adults, 26 and older, smoke these same
brands.
“(24)
Tobacco company documents indicate that young people are an important and often crucial segment of the tobacco market. Children, who tend to be more price sensitive than adults, are influenced by advertising and promotion practices that result in drastically reduced
cigarette prices.
“(25)
Comprehensive advertising restrictions will have a positive effect on the smoking rates of young people.
“(26)
Restrictions on advertising are necessary to prevent unrestricted tobacco advertising from undermining legislation prohibiting access to young people and providing for education about tobacco use.
“(27)
International experience shows that advertising regulations that are stringent and comprehensive have a greater impact on overall tobacco use and young people’s use than weaker or less comprehensive ones.
“(28)
Text only requirements, although not as stringent as a ban, will help reduce underage use of
tobacco products while preserving the informational function of advertising.
“(29)
It is in the public interest for Congress to adopt legislation to address the public health crisis created by actions of the tobacco industry.
“(30)
The final regulations promulgated by the
Secretary of Health and Human Services in the
August 28, 1996, issue of the Federal Register (
61 Fed. Reg. 44615–44618) for inclusion as
part 897 of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, are consistent with the first amendment to the
United States Constitution and with the standards set forth in the amendments made by this subtitle [probably means this division, see Short Title of 2009 Amendment note set out under
section 301 of this title] for the regulation of
tobacco products by the
Food and Drug Administration, and the restriction on the sale and distribution of, including access to and the advertising and promotion of,
tobacco products contained in such regulations are substantially related to accomplishing the public health goals of this division.
“(31)
The regulations described in paragraph (30) will directly and materially advance the Federal Government’s substantial interest in reducing the number of children and adolescents who use
cigarettes and
smokeless tobacco and in preventing the life-threatening health consequences associated with tobacco use. An overwhelming majority of Americans who use
tobacco products begin using such products while they are minors and become addicted to the
nicotine in those products before reaching the age of 18. Tobacco advertising and promotion play a crucial role in the decision of these minors to begin using
tobacco products. Less restrictive and less comprehensive approaches have not [been] and will not be effective in reducing the problems addressed by such regulations. The reasonable restrictions on the advertising and promotion of
tobacco products contained in such regulations will lead to a significant decrease in the number of minors using and becoming addicted to those products.
“(32)
The regulations described in paragraph (30) impose no more extensive restrictions on communication by tobacco manufacturers and sellers than are necessary to reduce the number of children and adolescents who use
cigarettes and
smokeless tobacco and to prevent the life-threatening health consequences associated with tobacco use. Such regulations are narrowly tailored to restrict those advertising and promotional practices which are most likely to be seen or heard by youth and most likely to entice them into tobacco use, while affording tobacco manufacturers and sellers ample opportunity to convey information about their products to adult consumers.
“(33)
Tobacco dependence is a chronic disease, one that typically requires repeated interventions to achieve long-term or permanent abstinence.
“(34)
Because the only known safe alternative to smoking is cessation, interventions should target all smokers to help them quit completely.
“(36)
It is essential that the
Food and Drug Administration review products sold or distributed for use to reduce risks or exposures associated with
tobacco products and that it be empowered to review any advertising and
labeling for such products. It is also essential that manufacturers, prior to marketing such products, be required to demonstrate that such products will meet a series of rigorous criteria, and will benefit the health of the population as a whole, taking into account both users of
tobacco products and
persons who do not currently use
tobacco products.
“(37)
Unless
tobacco products that purport to reduce the risks to the public of tobacco use actually reduce such risks, those products can cause substantial harm to the public health to the extent that the individuals, who would otherwise not consume
tobacco products or would consume such products less, use
tobacco products purporting to reduce risk. Those who use products sold or distributed as modified risk products that do not in fact reduce risk, rather than quitting or reducing their use of
tobacco products, have a substantially increased likelihood of suffering disability and premature death. The costs to society of the widespread use of products sold or distributed as modified risk products that do not in fact reduce risk or that increase risk include thousands of unnecessary deaths and injuries and huge costs to our health care system.
“(38)
As the National Cancer Institute has found, many smokers mistakenly believe that ‘low tar’ and ‘light’
cigarettes cause fewer health problems than other
cigarettes. As the National Cancer Institute has also found, mistaken beliefs about the health consequences of smoking ‘low tar’ and ‘light’
cigarettes can reduce the motivation to quit smoking entirely and thereby lead to disease and death.
“(39)
Recent studies have demonstrated that there has been no reduction in risk on a population-wide basis from ‘low tar’ and ‘light’
cigarettes, and such products may actually increase the risk of tobacco use.
“(40)
The dangers of products sold or distributed as modified risk
tobacco products that do not in fact reduce risk are so high that there is a compelling governmental interest in ensuring that statements about modified risk
tobacco products are complete, accurate, and relate to the overall disease risk of the product.
“(41)
As the Federal Trade Commission has found, consumers have misinterpreted advertisements in which one product is claimed to be less harmful than a comparable product, even in the presence of disclosures and advisories intended to provide clarification.
“(42)
Permitting manufacturers to make unsubstantiated statements concerning modified risk
tobacco products, whether express or implied, even if accompanied by disclaimers would be detrimental to the public health.
“(43)
The only way to effectively protect the public health from the dangers of unsubstantiated modified risk
tobacco products is to empower the
Food and Drug Administration to require that products that tobacco manufacturers sold or distributed for risk reduction be reviewed in advance of marketing, and to require that the evidence relied on to support claims be fully verified.
“(44)
The
Food and Drug Administration is a regulatory agency with the scientific expertise to identify harmful substances in products to which consumers are exposed, to design standards to limit exposure to those substances, to evaluate scientific studies supporting claims about the safety of products, and to evaluate the impact of
labels, labeling, and advertising on consumer behavior in order to reduce the risk of harm and promote understanding of the impact of the product on health. In connection with its mandate to promote health and reduce the risk of harm, the
Food and Drug Administration routinely makes decisions about whether and how products may be marketed in the
United States.
“(45)
The
Federal Trade Commission was created to protect consumers from unfair or deceptive acts or practices, and to regulate unfair methods of competition. Its focus is on those marketplace practices that deceive or mislead consumers, and those that give some competitors an unfair advantage. Its mission is to regulate activities in the marketplace. Neither the
Federal Trade Commission nor any other Federal agency except the
Food and Drug Administration possesses the scientific expertise needed to implement effectively all provisions of the
Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act [div. A of
Pub. L. 111–31, see Short Title of 2009 Amendment note set out under
section 301 of this title].
“(46)
If manufacturers
state or imply in communications directed to consumers through the media or through a
label, labeling, or advertising, that a
tobacco product is approved or inspected by the
Food and Drug Administration or complies with
Food and Drug Administration standards, consumers are likely to be confused and misled. Depending upon the particular language used and its context, such a statement could result in consumers being misled into believing that the product is endorsed by the
Food and Drug Administration for use or in consumers being misled about the harmfulness of the product because of such regulation, inspection, approval, or compliance.
“(47)
In August 2006 a
United States district court judge found that the major
United States cigarette companies continue to target and market to youth. USA v. Philip Morris, USA, Inc., et al. (Civil Action No. 99–2496 (GK),
August 17, 2006).
“(48)
In August 2006 a
United States district court judge found that the major
United States cigarette companies dramatically increased their advertising and promotional spending in ways that encourage youth to start smoking subsequent to the signing of the Master Settlement Agreement in 1998. USA v. Philip Morris, USA, Inc., et al. (Civil Action No. 99–2496 (GK),
August 17, 2006).
“(49)
In August 2006 a
United States district court judge found that the major
United States cigarette companies have designed their
cigarettes to precisely control
nicotine delivery levels and provide doses of
nicotine sufficient to create and sustain addiction while also concealing much of their
nicotine-related research. USA v. Philip Morris, USA, Inc., et al. (Civil Action No. 99–2496 (GK),
August 17, 2006).”