First Amendment

• First Amendment Overview
• The Religion Clauses
  • Overview of the Religion Clauses
  • Historical Background
    • Introduction to the Historical Background of the Religion Clauses
    • England and Religious Freedom
    • State-Established Religion in the Colonies
    • Colonial Conceptions of Religious Liberty
    • Virginia's Movement Towards Religious Freedom
    • Continental Congresses
    • Constitutional Convention, Ratification, and the Bill of Rights
    • Early Interpretations of the Religion Clauses
  • Government Resolution of Religious Disputes
    • Government Resolution of Religious Disputes: Overview
    • Doctrinal Basis
    • Neutral Principles of Law
    • Church Leadership and the Ministerial Exception
  • Establishment Clause
    • General Principle of Neutrality
    • Accommodationist and Separationist Theories
    • Establishment Clause Tests
    • Financial Assistance to Religion
      • Financial Assistance to Religion : Overview
      • Early Cases and Everson v. Board of Education
      • Adoption of the Lemon Test
      • Application of the Lemon Test
      • Zelman and Indirect Aid
      • Denying Financial Assistance to Religion
    • Non-Financial Assistance to Religion
      • Non-Financial Assistance to Religion : Overview
      • Early Cases
      • Purpose and Effect Before Lemon
      • Lemon's Purpose Prong
      • Lemon's Effect Prong
        • Lemon's Effect Prong Overview
        • Lemon's Effect Prong and Accommodation of Religion
        • Lemon's Effect Prong and Pervasively Sectarian Institutions
      • Lemon's Entanglement Prong
      • Endorsement Variation on Lemon
      • Abandoning Lemon and Using Other Tests
        • Abandonment of Lemon
        • Coercion
        • Consideration of Historical Tradition
  • The Free Exercise Clause
    • The Free Exercise Clause Overview
    • Laws Regulating Religious Belief
    • Facially Neutral Laws that Interfere With Religious Practice
      • Facially Neutral Laws During the 1940s and 1950s
      • Facially Neutral Laws From the 1960s Through the 1980s
      • Facially Neutral Laws and Internal Government Affairs
      • Facially Neutral Laws and Current Doctrine
      • Facially Neutral Laws Regulating Prisons and the Military
      • Laws that Discriminate Against Religious Practice
  • Relationship Between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses
  • Relationship Between Religion Clauses and Free Speech Clause
• Free Speech Clause
  • Historical Background of Free Speech Clause
  • Procedural Matters
    • The Overbreadth Doctrine, Statutory Language, and Free Speech
    • Vagueness, Statutory Language, and Free Speech
    • Prior Restraints on Speech
    • State Action Doctrine and Free Speech
  • Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulation of Speech
    • Content-Based Laws Restricting Speech
  • Public Forum Doctrine
    • The Public Forum
    • Public and Nonpublic Forums
    • Quasi-Public Places
  • Role of Government
    • Overview of Government Roles
    • Government Speech and Government as Speaker
    • School Free Speech and Government as Educator
    • Prison Free Speech and Government as Prison Administrator
  • Public Employee Speech and Government as Employer
    • Loyalty Oaths
    • Political Activities and Government Employees
    • Honoria and Government Employees
    • Pickering Balancing Test for Government Employee Speech
  • Advocacy of Illegal Conduct
    • Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Overview
    • Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Early Doctrine
    • Movement from Clear and Present Danger Test
    • Current Doctrine
  • Fighting Words, Hostile Audiences and True Threats
  • Defamation and False Statements
  • Invasions of Property
  • Overview of Obscene Speech
  • X-Rated Theater and Sex Shop Zoning
  • Child Pornography
  • Public Indecency and Nudity
  • Commercial Speech
  • Viewpoint Discrimination
    • Viewpoint Discrimination Overview
  • Government Property
    • Government Property: Early Doctrine
  • Media Regulation
  • Political Speech
    • Overview of Campaign Finance
    • Campaign Finance Contribution Limits and Source Restrictions
    • Campaign Finance Expenditure Limits
    • Campaign Finance Disclosure and Disclaimer Requirements
    • Lobbying
    • Legislative Investigations
  • Compelled Speech
    • Compelled Speech: Overview
  • Compelled Subsidization Doctrine
  • Unconstitutional Conditions on Compelled Speech
    • Unconstitutional Conditions on Compelled Speech: Overview
    • Public Employment
    • Tax Exemptions
    • Federal Funding
    • Restrictions on Editorializing
    • Selective Funding Arrangements
    • Government's Message Versus Private Speakers
    • Public Entities and Private Access
    • Conditions Exceeding the Scope of the Program
    • Requirements That Can Be Imposed Directly
  • Symbolic Speech
    • Symbolic Speech: Overview
    • The Flag
    • Public Issue Picketing and Parading
    • Leaflets and Handbills
    • Speech and Nonspeech Activity
    • Solicitation
    • Labor Union Protests and Marches
  • Freedom of Association
    • Freedom of Association: Overview
• Freedom of Press
  • Freedom of Press Overview
  • Protection of Confidential Sources
  • Access to Government Places and Papers
• Freedom of Assembly and Petition
  • Doctrine and Practice