Fourth Amendment

• Historical Background
• Scope of Protected Rights
  • Scope of Protected Rights: Overview
  • Early Doctrine
  • Katz and the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Test
  • Current Doctrine
  • Open Fields Doctrine
  • Seizure of Property
    • Inspections
    • Property Subject to Seizure
    • Property Seizures and Self-Incrimination Protections
  • Unreasonable Seizures of Persons
• Probable Cause
  • Probable Cause: Overview
  • Doctrine and Practice
  • Non-Traditional Contexts
• Warrant Requirement
  • Warrant Requirement: Overview
  • Neutral and Detached Magistrate
  • Probable Cause Requirement
  • Particularity Requirement
  • Knock and Announce Rule
  • Other Considerations When Executing a Warrant
• Exceptions to Warrant Requirement
  • Exceptions to Warrant Requirement: Overview
  • Consent Searches
  • Warrantless Searches Dependent on Probable Cause
    • Search Incident to Arrest Doctrine
    • Vehicle Searches
    • Containers in Vehicles
    • Plain View Doctrine
  • Warrantless Searches Not Dependent on Probable Cause
    • Terry Stop and Frisks Doctrine and Practice
    • Terry Stop and Frisks and Vehicles
  • Special Needs Doctrine
    • Overview of Border Searches
    • Searches at International Borders
    • Searches Beyond the Border
    • Drug Testing
    • National Security
    • School Searches
    • Searches of Prisoners, Parolees, and Probationers
    • Workplace Searches
• Excluding Evidence
  • Exclusionary Rule and Evidence
  • Adoption of Exclusionary Rule
  • Standing to Suppress Illegal Evidence
  • Good Faith Exception to Exclusionary Rule