Fourth Amendment 

• Fourth Amendment: Historical Background
• Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment
  • Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Overview
  • Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice
    • Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Early Doctrine
    • Katz and the Adoption of the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Test
    • Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Current Doctrine
  • Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Select Topics for Consideration
    • Open Fields Doctrine
  • Unreasonable Seizures of Persons, Houses, Papers, and Effects
    • Unreasonable Seizures of Persons, Houses, Papers, and Effects: Doctrine and Practice
      • Seizure of Property
      • Seizure of Persons
• Probable Cause and the Warrant Requirement
  • Probable Cause
    • Probable Cause: Overview
    • Probable Cause: Doctrine and Practice
    • Probable Cause: Select Topics for Consideration
      • Probable Cause in Non-Traditional Contexts
  • The Need for a Warrant to Conduct a Search or Seizure
    • The Need for a Warrant to Conduct a Search or Seizure: Overview
    • The Need for a Warrant to Conduct a Search or Seizure: Doctrine and Practice
      • Obtaining and Executing a Warrant
        • Neutral and Detached Magistrate
        • Probable Cause Requirement
        • Particularity Requirement
        • Knock and Announce Rule
        • Other Considerations When Executing a Warrant
• Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement
  • Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement: Overview
  • Consent Searches
  • Warrantless Searches Dependent on Probable Cause
    • Search Incident to Arrest Doctrine
    • Vehicle Searches
      • Vehicle Searches: Overview
      • Vehicle Searches: Select Topics for Consideration
        • Searches of Containers Within a Vehicle
    • Plain View Searches
  • Warrantless Searches Not Dependent on Probable Cause
    • Terry Stop and Frisks
      • Terry Stop and Frisks: Doctrine and Practice
      • Terry Stop and Frisks: Select Topics for Consideration
        • Terry Stop and Frisks and Vehicles
  • Special Needs Doctrine
    • Special Needs Doctrine: Select Topics for Consideration
      • Border Searches
      • Drug Testing
      • National Security
      • School Searches
      • Searches of Prisoners, Parolees and Probationers
      • Workplace Searches
• Exclusionary Rule
  • Exclusionary Rule: Overview
  • Exclusionary Rule: Doctrine and Practice
    • Adoption of a Federal Exclusionary Rule
    • Standing and the Fourth Amendment
    • Good Faith Exception