The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

• Commander-in-Chief
  • Historical Background on the Commander-in-Chief Clause
  • The Prize Cases and the Commander-in-Chief Clause
  • Wartime Powers of the President in World War II
  • Evacuation of the West Coast Japanese
  • The President and Labor Relations in World War II
  • Presidential Directives and Sanctions in World War II
  • Treatment of Enemy Combatants and the Nazi Saboteurs
  • World War II War Crimes Tribunals
  • The Postwar Period and the Commander-in-Chief Clause
  • Use of Troops Overseas and Congressional Authorization
  • Presidential Power and the Commander-in-Chief Clause
  • Congressional Control over the President's Discretion
  • The President as Commander of the Armed Forces
  • Martial Law Generally
  • Martial Law in Hawaii
  • Martial Law and Domestic Disorder
  • Response to Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001
  • Detention Authority
  • Military Commissions
• Presidential Advisors
• Pardon Power
  • Overview of the Pardon Power
  • Historical Background on the Pardon Power
  • Pardon Power and Forms of Clemency Generally
  • Types
    • Pardons
    • Amnesties
    • Commutations, Remissions, and Reprieves
  • Scope of Pardon Power
  • Rejection of a Pardon
  • Legal Effect of a Pardon
  • Congress's Role in the Pardon Power