equality

Article 237.4 of the Turkish Criminal Code provides for a penalty of two to six month imprisonment if a man or woman holds a religious wedding ceremony before a civil ceremony. Under Turkey’s principle of equality, different individuals with different legal statuses may be treated differently. The Constitutional Court found that the statute does not violate the principle of equality because unmarried individuals have a different legal status than those who have conducted a religious wedding ceremony.

The 2024 Constitution of Nicaragua establishes a strong framework of fundamental rights, including guarantees relevant to gender equality, family, and women’s protection. Article 27 affirms equality before the law, and Articles 48, 73, and 82 enshrine unconditional equality between men and women, prohibiting all forms of labor and social discrimination based on gender. Article 5 elevates human dignity as a guiding principle, and Article 36 protects physical, psychological, and moral integrity by prohibiting torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.

Act on Equality between Women and Men (609/1986, as amended)

The Finland Act on Equality between Women and Men (“Equality Act”) aims to prevent discrimination based on gender, gender identity, or gender expression, promote equality between women and men, and improve women's status, particularly in working life. The Act prohibits direct or indirect discrimination based on gender.

In Danial Latifi v. Union of India, the Supreme Court addressed the constitutional validity of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 (MWPRDA), which appeared to limit a Muslim husband’s obligation to maintain his divorced wife to the iddat period, after which responsibility would shift to her relatives.