[Comment: For dates of non-regulatory government publications,
publications of recognized organizations and associations, federal rules and
federal statutory provisions referenced in this rule, see rule
3745-1-03 of the Administrative
Code.]
(B) Review and selection of
data.
(1) Field-measured BAFs. The following
procedural and quality assurance requirements shall be met for field-measured
BAFs.
(a) The field studies used
shall be
are
limited to those conducted in the Great Lakes system with fish in trophic
levels three or four.
(b) The
trophic level of the fish species shall
is to be determined.
(c) The site of the field study
shall
is not
to be so unique such that the BAF cannot be
extrapolated to other locations where the criteria and values will
apply.
(d) For organic chemicals,
the per cent lipid shall be
is either measured or reliably estimated for the
tissue used in the determination of the BAF.
(e) The concentration of the chemical in the
water shall be
is measured in a way that can be related to
particulate organic carbon (POC) or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and
shall be
is
relatively constant during the steady-state time period.
(f) For organic chemicals with log
Kow greater than four, the concentrations of POC and DOC
in the ambient water shall be
are either measured or reliably
estimated.
(g) For inorganic and
organic chemicals, BAFs shall
can be used only if they are expressed on a wet
weight basis; BAFs reported on a dry weight basis cannot be converted to wet
weight unless a conversion factor is measured or reliably estimated for the
tissue used in the determination of the BAF.
(2) Field-measured biota-sediment
accumulation factors (BSAFs). The following procedural and quality assurance
requirements shall be met for field-measured BSAFs.
(a) The field studies used
shall be
are
limited to those conducted in the Great Lakes system with fish in trophic
levels three or four.
(b) Samples
of surface sediments shall be
are from locations where there is net deposition
of fine sediment (zero to one centimeter is ideal) and that are representative
of average surface sediments in the vicinity of the organism.
(c) The Kows used
shall be
are
of acceptable quality as described in paragraph (B)(5) of this rule.
(d) The site of the field study shall not be
so unique such that the resulting BAF cannot be extrapolated to other locations
where the criteria and values will apply.
(e) The trophic level of
the
each fish
species shall be
is determined.
(f) The per cent lipid
shall be
is
either measured or reliably estimated for the tissue used in the determination
of the BAF.
(3)
Laboratory-measured
bioconcentration factors (
BCFs
). The following procedural and quality
assurance requirements shall be met for laboratory-measured BCFs.
(a) The test organism
shall
is not
be diseased, unhealthy, or adversely
affected by the concentration of the chemical.
(b) The total concentration of the chemical
in the water shall be
is measured and shall be relatively constant
during the steady-state time period.
(c) The organisms shall be
are exposed
to the chemical using a flow-through or renewal procedure.
(d) For organic chemicals, the per cent lipid
shall be
is
either measured or reliably estimated for the tissue used in the determination
of the BCF.
(e) For organic
chemicals with log Kow greater than four, the
concentrations of POC and DOC in the test solution shall be
are either
measured or reliably estimated.
(f)
Laboratory-measured BCFs should be determined using fish species, but BCFs
determined with molluscs
mollusks and other invertebrates may be used if
appropriate.
(g) In a
bioconcentration test, if laboratory-measured BCFs increase or decrease as the
concentration of the chemical increase in the test solutions, the BCF measured
at the lowest test concentration that is above concentrations existing in the
control water shall be used (i.e., a BCF shall not be calculated from a control
treatment). The concentrations of an
inorganic
If the chemical
is inorganic and a micronutrient, its
concentrations in a bioconcentration test shall be greater than
both normal background levels and
greater than levels required for normal
nutrition of the test species if the chemical is a
micronutrient, but below levels that adversely affect the
species.
(h) For inorganic and
organic chemicals, BCFs shall be
are used only if they are expressed on a wet
weight basis. BCFs reported on a dry weight basis cannot be converted to wet
weight unless a conversion factor is measured or reliably estimated for the
tissue used in the determination of the BAF.
(i) BCFs for organic chemicals may be based
on measurement of radioactivity only when the BCF is intended to include
metabolites or when there is confidence that there is no interference due to
metabolites.
(j) The calculation of
the BCF shall address
addresses growth dilution.
(k) Other aspects of the methodology used
shall be
are
similar to those described in "Standard Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration
Tests with Fishes and Saltwater Bivalve Molluscs
Mollusks.
Standard E1022."
(4)
Predicted BCFs. The following procedural and quality assurance requirements
shall be met for predicted BCFs.
(a) The
Kow used shall be
is of acceptable quality as described in
paragraph (B)(5) of this rule.
(b)
The predicted baseline BCF shall be calculated using the equation
Predicted baseline BCF = Kow
Where:
Kow = octanol-water partition
coefficient.
(5)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (K
ow).
(a) The value of Kow
used for an organic chemical shall be determined by giving priority to the
experimental and computational techniques used as shown in table 41-1 of this
rule.
(b)
A value of Kow that seems to
be different from the others may be considered an outlier and not
used. The value of Kow used for an organic
chemical shall be either the geometric mean of the available
Kow s with highest priority or the arithmetic mean of
the available log Kow s with the highest priority.
Because it is an intermediate value in the derivation of a BAF, the values used
for the Kow and log Kow of a
chemical shall not be rounded to fewer than three significant digits after the
decimal point.
(c)
A value of Kow that seems to be
different from the others may be considered an outlier and not
used.
(C) Baseline BAFs shall be derived using the
following four methods, which are listed from most preferred to least
preferred.
(1) A measured baseline BAF for an
organic or inorganic chemical derived from a field study of acceptable
quality.
(2) A predicted baseline
BAF for an organic chemical derived using field-measured BSAFs of acceptable
quality.
(3) A predicted baseline
BAF for an organic or inorganic chemical derived from a BCF measured in a
laboratory study of acceptable quality and an
a food-chain multiplier
( FCM).
(4) A predicted baseline BAF for an organic
chemical derived from a K
ow of acceptable quality and an
FCM.
For comparative purposes, baseline BAFs
shall be
are
derived for each chemical by as many of the four methods as available data
allow.
(D)
Calculation of baseline BAFs for organic chemicals.
(1) Lipid normalization.
(a) It is assumed that BAFs and BCFs for
organic chemicals can be extrapolated on the basis of per cent lipid from one
tissue to another and from one aquatic species to another in most
cases.
(b) Because BAFs and BCFs
for organic chemicals are related to the per cent lipid, it does not make any
difference whether the tissue sample is whole body or edible portion, but both
the BAF (or BCF) and the per cent lipid must
shall be
determined for the same type of tissue. The per cent lipid of the tissue should
be measured during the BAF or BCF study, but in some cases it may be reliably
estimated from measurements on tissue from other organisms. If per cent lipid
is not reported for the test organisms in the original study, it may be
obtained from the author. In the case of a laboratory study, lipid data for the
same or a comparable laboratory population of test organisms that were used in
the original study may be used.
(c)
The lipid-normalized concentration (C
l) of a chemical in
tissue is defined using the following equation:
Click to view
image
Where:
CB= concentration of the organic
chemical in the tissue of aquatic biota (either whole organism or specified
tissue) expressed in micrograms per gram.
fl = fraction of the tissue that is
lipid.
(2)
Bioavailability. By definition, baseline BAFs and BCFs for organic chemicals,
whether measured or predicted, are based on the concentration of the chemical
that is freely dissolved in the ambient water in order to account for
bioavailability. For the purposes of this rule, the relationship between the
total concentration of the chemical in the ambient water (i.e., that which is
freely dissolved plus that which is sorbed to particulate organic carbon or to
dissolved organic carbon) to the freely dissolved concentration of the chemical
in the ambient water shall be calculated using the following equation:
Click to view
image
Where:
Cwfd = freely
dissolved concentration of the organic chemical in the ambient water.
Cwt = total
concentration of the organic chemical in the ambient water.
ffd = fraction of the total chemical in
the ambient water that is freely dissolved.
The fraction of the total chemical in the ambient water that is
freely dissolved (f fd), shall be calculated using the
following equation:
Click to view
image
Where:
DOC = concentration of dissolved organic carbon, expressed as
kilograms of dissolved organic carbon per liter of water.
Kow = octanol-water partition
coefficient of the chemical.
POC = concentration of particulate organic carbon, expressed as
kilograms of particulate organic carbon per liter of water.
(3) Food-chain multiplier (FCM). In the
absence of a field-measured BAF or a predicted BAF derived from a BSAF, an FCM
shall be used to calculate the baseline BAF for trophic levels three and four
from a laboratory-measured or predicted BCF. For an
organic chemical, the
The FCM used shall
be derived from table 41-2 of this rule using the chemical's log
Kow and linear interpolation. An FCM greater than 1.0
applies to most organic chemicals with a log Kow of four
or more. The trophic level used shall take into account the age or size of the
fish species consumed by the human, avian or mammalian predator.
(4) Calculation of a baseline BAF from a
field-measured BAF. A baseline BAF shall be calculated from a field-measured
BAF using the following equation:
Click to view
image
Where:
BAFt= BAF based on total
concentration in tissue and water.
fl = Fraction of the tissue that is
lipid.
ffd = Fraction of the total chemical
that is freely dissolved in the ambient water.
The trophic level to which the baseline BAF applies is the same
as the trophic level of the organisms used in the determination of the
field-measured BAF. For each trophic level, a species mean measured baseline
BAF shall be calculated as the geometric mean if more than one measured
baseline BAF is available for a given species. For each trophic level, the
geometric mean of the species mean measured baseline BAFs shall be calculated.
If a baseline BAF based on a measured BAF is available for either trophic level
three or four, but not both, a measured baseline BAF for the other trophic
level shall be calculated using the ratio of the FCMs that are obtained by
linear interpolation from table 41-2 of this rule for the chemical.
(5) Calculation of a baseline BAF
from a field-measured BSAF.
A baseline BAF for organic
chemical "I" shall be calculated from a field-measured BSAF using the following
equations:
(a)
A baseline BAF for organic chemical "I" shall be
calculated from a field-measured BSAF of acceptable quality using the following
equation:
Click to view
image
Where:
(BSAF) i = BSAF for chemical "i".
(BSAF)r = BSAF for the reference
chemical "r".
(Kow) i =
octanol-water partition coefficient for chemical "i".
(Kow) r =
octanol-water partition coefficient for the reference chemical "r".
(b) A BSAF
shall be
is
calculated using the following equation:
Click to view
image
Where:
Cl = the lipid-normalized concentration
of the chemical in tissue.
Csoc = the organic carbon-normalized
concentration of the chemical in sediment.
(c) The organic carbon-normalized
concentration of a chemical in sediment (C
soc),
shall be
is
calculated using the following equation:
Click to view
image
Where:
CS = concentration of chemical in
sediment (expressed as micrograms per gram sediment).
fOC = fraction of the sediment that is
organic carbon.
(d)
Predicting BAFs from BSAFs requires data from a steady-state (or near
steady-state) condition between sediment and ambient water for both a reference
chemical "r" with a field-measured BAFfd
l and other chemicals "N=i" for which BSAFs are to be
determined.
(e) The trophic level
to which the baseline BAF applies is the same as the trophic level of the
organisms used in the determination of the BSAF. For each trophic level, a
species mean baseline BAF shall be
is calculated as the geometric mean if more than
one baseline BAF is predicted from BSAFs for a given species. For each trophic
level, the geometric mean of the species mean baseline BAFs derived using BSAFs
shall be
is
calculated.
(f) If a baseline BAF
based on a measured BSAF is available for either trophic level three or four,
but not both, a baseline BAF for the other trophic level
shall be
is
calculated using the ratio of the FCMs that are obtained by linear
interpolation from table 41-2 of this rule for the chemical.
(6) Calculation of a baseline BAF
from a laboratory-measured BCF. A baseline BAF for trophic level three and a
baseline BAF for trophic level four shall be calculated from a
laboratory-measured BCF of acceptable quality and an FCM using the following
equation:
Click to view
image
Where:
BCFt = BCF based on total
concentration in tissue and water.
fl = fraction of the tissue that is
lipid.
ffd = fraction of the total chemical in
the test water that is freely dissolved.
FCM = the food-chain multiplier obtained from table 41-2 of
this rule by linear interpolation for trophic level three or four, as
necessary.
For each trophic level the following
shall be calculated,
:
a
(a)
species mean
baseline BAF shall be calculated as the geometric mean if
If more than one baseline BAF is predicted from
laboratory-measured BCFs for a given species, calculate
the geometric mean as a species mean baseline BAF.
For each trophic level, the geometric mean of the
species mean baseline BAFs based on laboratory-measured BCFs shall be
calculated.
(b)
The geometric mean of the species mean baseline BAFs
based on laboratory-measured BCFs.
(7) Calculation of a baseline BAF from an
octanol-water partition coefficient. A baseline BAF for trophic level three and
a baseline BAF for trophic level four shall be calculated from a
K
ow of acceptable quality and an FCM using the following
equation:
Baseline BAF = (FCM) (predicted baseline BCF)
= (FCM) (Kow)
Where:
FCM = the food-chain multiplier obtained from table 41-2 of
this rule by linear interpolation for trophic level three or four, as
necessary.
Kow = octanol-water partition
coefficient.
(F) Human health and wildlife BAFs for
inorganic chemicals.
(1) For inorganic
chemicals, the baseline BAFs for trophic levels three and four are both assumed
to equal the BCF determined for the chemical with fish, i.e., the FCM is
assumed to be 1.0 for both trophic levels three and four. However, an FCM
greater than 1.0 might be applicable to some metals, such as mercury, if, for
example, an organometallic form of the metal biomagnifies.
(2) BAFs for human health criteria and
values.
(a) Measured BAFs and BCFs used to
determine human health BAFs for inorganic chemicals shall be based on edible
tissue of freshwater fish unless it is demonstrated that whole-body BAFs or
BCFs are similar to edible-tissue BAFs or BCFs. BCFs and BAFs based on
measurements of aquatic plants and invertebrates should not be used in the
derivation of human health criteria and values.
(b) If one or more field-measured baseline
BAFs for an inorganic chemical are available from studies conducted in the
Great Lakes system with the edible tissue of fish, then for each trophic level:
(i) A species mean measured baseline BAF
shall be calculated as the geometric mean if more than one measured BAF is
available for a given species.
(ii)
The geometric mean of the species mean measured baseline BAFs shall be used as
the human health BAF for that chemical.
(c) If an acceptable measured baseline BAF is
not available for an inorganic chemical and one or more acceptable
edible-portion laboratory-measured BCFs are available for the chemical, a
predicted baseline BAF shall be calculated by multiplying the geometric mean of
the BCFs times an FCM. The FCM shall be
is 1.0 unless chemical-specific biomagnification
data support using a multiplier other than 1.0. The predicted baseline BAF
shall be used as the human health BAF for that chemical.
(3) BAFs for wildlife criteria.
(a) Measured BAFs and BCFs used to determine
wildlife BAFs for inorganic chemicals shall be based on whole-body freshwater
fish and invertebrate data unless it is demonstrated that edible-tissue BAFs or
BCFs are similar to whole-body BAFs or BCFs.
(b) If one or more field-measured baseline
BAFs for an inorganic chemical are available from studies conducted in the
Great Lakes system with whole body fish or invertebrates, then
for each trophic level:
(i)
For each
trophic level, a
A species mean measured
baseline BAF shall be calculated as the geometric mean if more than one
measured BAF is available for a given species.
(ii)
For each
trophic level, the
The geometric mean of
the species mean measured baseline BAFs shall be used as the wildlife BAF for
that chemical.
(iii)(c) If an acceptable
field- measured baseline BAF is not available for
an inorganic chemical and one or more acceptable whole-body laboratory-measured
BCFs are available for the chemical, a predicted baseline BAF shall be
calculated by multiplying the geometric mean of the BCFs times an FCM. The FCM
shall be 1.0 unless chemical-specific biomagnification data support using a
multiplier other than 1.0. The predicted baseline BAF shall be used as the
wildlife BAF for that chemical.
(G) Final review. For both organic and
inorganic chemicals, human health and wildlife BAFs for both trophic levels
shall be
are
reviewed
by Ohio EPA for consistency with all
available data concerning the bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, and metabolism
of the chemical. BAFs derived in accordance with this methodology shall be
modified if changes are justified by available data.
Table 41-1. Priorities for Kow
experimental and computational techniques for organic chemicals.
|
Priority
|
Priority
|
Technique
|
|
Log KOW
< or =4.0
|
Log KOW
> 4.0
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
Slow-stir
|
|
1
|
1
|
Generator-column
|
|
1
|
4
|
Shake-flask
|
|
2
|
2
|
Reverse-phase liquid
chromatography on C18 chromatography packing with extrapolation to zero per
cent solvent
|
|
3
|
3
|
Reverse-phase liquid
chromatography on C18 chromatography packing without extrapolation to zero per
cent solvent
|
|
4
|
5
|
Calculated by the CLOGP program
(a computer program available from Pomona college)
|
Table 41-2. Food-chain multipliers for trophic levels 2, 3 and
4.
|
Log Kow
|
Trophic level 2
|
Trophic1 level
3
|
Trophic level 4
|
|
2.0
|
1.000
|
1.005
|
1.000
|
|
2.5
|
1.000
|
1.010
|
1.002
|
|
3.0
|
1.000
|
1.028
|
1.007
|
|
3.1
|
1.000
|
1.034
|
1.007
|
|
3.2
|
1.000
|
1.042
|
1.009
|
|
3.3
|
1.000
|
1.053
|
1.012
|
|
3.4
|
1.000
|
1.067
|
1.014
|
|
3.5
|
1.000
|
1.083
|
1.019
|
|
3.6
|
1.000
|
1.103
|
1.023
|
|
3.7
|
1.000
|
1.128
|
1.033
|
|
3.8
|
1.000
|
1.161
|
1.042
|
|
3.9
|
1.000
|
1.202
|
1.054
|
|
4.0
|
1.000
|
1.253
|
1.072
|
|
4.1
|
1.000
|
1.315
|
1.096
|
|
4.2
|
1.000
|
1.380
|
1.130
|
|
4.3
|
1.000
|
1.491
|
1.178
|
|
4.4
|
1.000
|
1.614
|
1.242
|
|
4.5
|
1.000
|
1.766
|
1.334
|
|
4.6
|
1.000
|
1.950
|
1.459
|
|
4.7
|
1.000
|
2.175
|
1.633
|
|
4.8
|
1.000
|
2.452
|
1.871
|
|
4.9
|
1.000
|
2.780
|
2.193
|
|
5.0
|
1.000
|
3.181
|
2.612
|
|
5.1
|
1.000
|
3.643
|
3.162
|
|
5.2
|
1.000
|
4.188
|
3.873
|
|
5.3
|
1.000
|
4.803
|
4.742
|
|
5.4
|
1.000
|
5.502
|
5.821
|
|
5.5
|
1.000
|
6.266
|
7.079
|
|
5.6
|
1.000
|
7.096
|
8.551
|
|
5.7
|
1.000
|
7.962
|
10.209
|
|
5.8
|
1.000
|
8.841
|
12.050
|
|
5.9
|
1.000
|
9.716
|
13.964
|
|
6.0
|
1.000
|
10.556
|
15.996
|
|
6.1
|
1.000
|
11.337
|
17.783
|
|
6.2
|
1.000
|
12.064
|
19.907
|
|
6.3
|
1.000
|
12.691
|
21.677
|
|
6.4
|
1.000
|
13.228
|
23.281
|
|
6.5
|
1.000
|
13.662
|
24.604
|
|
6.6
|
1.000
|
13.980
|
25.645
|
|
6.7
|
1.000
|
14.223
|
26.363
|
|
6.8
|
1.000
|
14.355
|
26.669
|
|
6.9
|
1.000
|
14.388
|
26.669
|
|
7.0
|
1.000
|
14.305
|
26.242
|
|
7.1
|
1.000
|
14.142
|
25.468
|
|
7.2
|
1.000
|
13.852
|
24.322
|
|
7.3
|
1.000
|
13.474
|
22.856
|
|
7.4
|
1.000
|
12.987
|
21.038
|
|
7.5
|
1.000
|
12.517
|
18.967
|
|
7.6
|
1.000
|
11.708
|
16.749
|
|
7.7
|
1.000
|
10.914
|
14.388
|
|
7.8
|
1.000
|
10.069
|
12.050
|
|
7.9
|
1.000
|
9.162
|
9.840
|
|
8.0
|
1.000
|
8.222
|
7.798
|
|
8.1
|
1.000
|
7.278
|
6.012
|
|
8.2
|
1.000
|
6.361
|
4.519
|
|
8.3
|
1.000
|
5.489
|
3.311
|
|
8.4
|
1.000
|
4.683
|
2.371
|
|
8.5
|
1.000
|
3.949
|
1.663
|
|
8.6
|
1.000
|
3.296
|
1.146
|
|
8.7
|
1.000
|
2.732
|
0.778
|
|
8.8
|
1.000
|
2.246
|
0.521
|
|
8.9
|
1.000
|
1.837
|
0.345
|
|
9.0
|
1.000
|
1.493
|
0.226
|
1 The FCMs for trophic level 3 are
the geometric mean of the FCMs for sculpin and alewife.
