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  1. LII
  2. U.S. Constitution Annotated
  3. Amendment XIV. Equal Protection and Other Rights

    Fourteenth Amendment  Equal Protection and Other Rights

    • Overview of Fourteenth Amendment, Equal Protection and Rights of Citizens
      • State Action Doctrine
        • Section 1 Rights
          • Due Process Generally
            • Citizenship
              • Historical Background on Citizenship Clause
                • Citizenship Clause Doctrine
                  • Loss of Citizenship
                  • Privileges or Immunities
                    • Privileges or Immunities of Citizens and the Slaughter-House Cases
                      • Modern Doctrine on Privileges or Immunities Clause
                      • Incorporation of Bill of Rights
                        • Overview of Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
                          • Early Doctrine on Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
                            • Modern Doctrine on Selective Incorporation of Bill of Rights
                            • Procedural Due Process
                              • Overview of Procedural Due Process
                                • Liberty Deprivations and Due Process
                                  • Property Deprivations and Due Process
                                    • Civil Cases
                                      • Overview of Procedural Due Process in Civil Cases
                                        • Due Process Test in Mathews v. Eldridge
                                          • Notice of Charge and Due Process
                                            • Opportunity for Meaningful Hearing
                                              • Impartial Decision Maker
                                                • Additional Requirements of Procedural Due Process
                                                  • Power of States to Regulate Procedures
                                                    • Statutes of Limitations and Procedural Due Process
                                                      • Burdens of Proof and Presumptions
                                                      • Criminal Cases
                                                        • Overview of Procedural Due Process in Criminal Cases
                                                          • Impartial Judge and Jury
                                                            • Identification in Pre-Trial Process
                                                              • Plea Bargaining in Pre-Trial Process
                                                                • Guilt Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
                                                                  • Evidentiary Requirements in Criminal Cases
                                                                    • Competency for Trial
                                                                      • Due Process Rights of Juvenile Offenders
                                                                      • Criminal Cases Post-Trial
                                                                        • Overview of Criminal Cases and Post-Trial Due Process
                                                                          • Criminal Appeals and Procedural Due Process
                                                                            • Probation, Parole, and Procedural Due Process
                                                                              • Prisoners and Procedural Due Process
                                                                              • State Taxes
                                                                                • State Taxes and Due Process Generally
                                                                                  • Assessment of State Taxes and Due Process
                                                                                    • Notice of State Taxes and Due Process
                                                                                      • Collection of State Taxes and Due Process
                                                                                      • Other Contexts
                                                                                        • Parental and Children's Rights and Due Process
                                                                                          • Protective Commitment and Due Process
                                                                                        • Substantive Due Process
                                                                                          • Overview of Substantive Due Process
                                                                                            • Economic
                                                                                              • Overview of Economic Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                • Liberty of Contract and Lochner v. New York
                                                                                                  • Laws Regulating Working Conditions and Wages
                                                                                                  • Noneconomic
                                                                                                    • Overview of Noneconomic Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                      • Historical Background on Noneconomic Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                        • Informational Privacy, Confidentiality, and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                          • Family Autonomy and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                            • Marriage and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                              • Sexual Activity, Privacy, and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                              • Abortion
                                                                                                                • Abortion, Roe v. Wade, and Pre-Dobbs Doctrine
                                                                                                                  • Restrictions on Abortion Funding
                                                                                                                    • Abortion, Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, and Post-Dobbs Doctrine
                                                                                                                    • Medical Care
                                                                                                                      • Right to Refuse Medical Treatment and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                                        • Physician Assisted-Death and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                                          • Civil Commitment and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                                        • Due Process Limits on State Action
                                                                                                                          • Void for Vagueness
                                                                                                                            • Personal Jurisdiction
                                                                                                                              • Overview of Personal Jurisdiction and Due Process
                                                                                                                                • Personal Jurisdiction from Founding Era to 1945
                                                                                                                                  • Modern Doctrine on Personal Jurisdiction
                                                                                                                                    • Minimum Contact Requirements for Personal Jurisdiction
                                                                                                                                      • Reasonableness Test for Personal Jurisdiction
                                                                                                                                      • State Taxation
                                                                                                                                        • State Taxing Power
                                                                                                                                          • State Jurisdiction to Tax
                                                                                                                                            • Real Property and Tangible Personalty
                                                                                                                                              • Intangible Personalty
                                                                                                                                                • Transfer (Inheritance, Estate, Gift) Taxes
                                                                                                                                                  • Corporate Privilege Taxes
                                                                                                                                                    • Individual Income Taxes
                                                                                                                                                      • Corporate Income Taxes and Foreign Corporations
                                                                                                                                                        • Insurance Company Taxes
                                                                                                                                                      • Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                        • Facially Neutral Laws Implicating Suspect Classifications
                                                                                                                                                          • Sexual Orientation-Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                            • Race-Based Classifications Generally
                                                                                                                                                              • Overview of Race-Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                • Equal Protection and Rational Basis Review Generally
                                                                                                                                                                  • Marriage and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
                                                                                                                                                                    • Judicial System and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
                                                                                                                                                                      • Public Designation and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
                                                                                                                                                                        • Public Accommodations and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
                                                                                                                                                                          • Political Process Doctrine
                                                                                                                                                                            • Peremptory Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                            • Segregation in Education
                                                                                                                                                                              • Brown v. Board of Education
                                                                                                                                                                                • Aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Implementing School Desegregation
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Scope of Remedial Desegregation Orders and Ending Court Supervision
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Remaining Vestiges of Unconstitutional Racial Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Segregation in Other Contexts
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Overview of Segregation in Other Contexts
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Housing and Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Transportation and Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Public Facilities and Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Private Businesses and Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Facially Non-Neutral Laws Benefiting Racial Minorities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Early Doctrine on Appropriate Scrutiny
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Modern Doctrine on Appropriate Scrutiny
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Voting Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Voting Rights Generally
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Voter Qualifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Partisan Gerrymandering
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Equality Standard and Vote Dilution
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Inequalities Within a State and Vote Dilution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Racial Vote Dilution and Racial Gerrymandering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Ballot Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Non-Race Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Overview of Non-Race Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Alienage Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Out of Wedlock Births
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Gender-Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Doctrine on Gender Classifications from 1870s to 1960s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Doctrine on Gender Classifications During the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • General Approach to Gender Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Facially Non-Neutral Laws Benefiting Women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Non-Suspect Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Meaning of Person in the Equal Protection Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Meaning of Within Its Jurisdiction in the Equal Protection Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Police Power Classifications and Equal Protection Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Economic Regulation and Taxing Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Overview of Economic Regulation and Taxing Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Classifications for State Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Foreign Corporations, Nonresidents, and State Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • State Income Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • State Inheritance Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Motor Vehicle Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Property Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Special Assessments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Wealth-Based Distinctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Overview of Wealth-Based Distinctions and Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Criminal Procedures, Sentences, and Poverty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Access to Courts, Wealth, and Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Educational Opportunity, Wealth, and Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Abortion, Public Assistance, and Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fundamental Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview of Fundamental Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Interstate Travel as a Fundamental Right
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Residency Requirements and Interstate Travel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Apportionment of Representation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Overview of Apportionment of Representation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Disqualification from Holding Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Overview of the Insurrection Clause (Disqualification Clause)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Trump v. Anderson and Enforcement of the Insurrection Clause (Disqualification Clause)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Public Debt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Overview of Public Debt Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Adoption of the Public Debt Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Interpretation of the Public Debt Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 Enforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Overview of Enforcement Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Who Congress May Regulate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Pre-Modern Doctrine on Enforcement Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Modern Doctrine on Enforcement Clause

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    U.S. Constitution Annotated Toolbox

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Explanation of the Constitution - from the Congressional Research Service


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