Fourteenth Amendment

• Overview
• State Action Doctrine
• Section 1 Due Process of Law
  • Citizenship Clause
    • Historical Background
    • Citizenship Clause: Doctrine and Practice
    • Loss of Citizenship
  • Privileges or Immunities Clause
    • Slaughter-House
    • Current Doctrine
  • Incorporation
    • Incorporation: Overview
    • Early Doctrine
  • Due Process of Law: Abortion
    • Background and Early Doctrine on Abortion
    • Restrictions on Abortion Funding
    • Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization and Post-Dobbs Doctrine
  • Equal Protection
    • Race-Based Classifications
      • Race-Based Classifications: Overview
      • Equal Protection: General Background and Rational Basis Review
      • Facially Non-Neutral Laws
      • Political Process Doctrine
      • Peremptory Challenges
      • Racial Segregation in Education
        • Brown v. Board of Education
        • Aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education
        • Court Orders and Methods of Desegregation
          • Implementing School Desegregation
          • The Scope of Remedial Desegregation Orders and Ending Court Supervision
          • Remaining Vestiges of Unconstitutional Racial Segregation
      • Segregation in Other Contexts
        • Overview of Segregation in Other Contexts
        • Segregation in Housing
        • Segregation in Transportation
        • Segregation in Public Facilities
        • Segregation in Private Businesses
      • Facially Non-Neutral Laws that Benefit Racial Minorities
        • Early Doctrine on Appropriate Scrutiny
        • Current Doctrine on Appropriate Scrutiny
      • Facially Neutral Laws Implicating a Racial Minority
    • Voting Rights
      • Voting Rights Generally
      • Voter Qualifications
      • Partisan Gerrymandering
      • Equality Standard and Vote Dilution
      • Inequalities Within a State and Vote Dilution
      • Racial Vote Dilution and Racial Gerrymandering
      • Ballot Access
    • Non-Race Based Classifications
      • Non-Race Based Classifications: Overview
      • Alienage Classification
      • Doctrine on Gender Classifications from 1870s to 1960s
      • Doctrine on Gender Classifications During the 1970s
      • General Approach to Gender Classifications
      • Facially Non-Neutral Laws that Benefit Women
      • Out of Wedlock Birthds
      • Non-Suspect Classifications
      • Economic Regulation and Taxing Power
        • Economic Regulation and Taxing Power : Overview
        • Classification for Purpose of Taxation
        • Foreign Corporations and Nonresidents
        • Income Taxes
        • Inheritance Taxes
        • Motor Vehicle Taxes
        • Property Taxes
        • Special Assessment
      • Sexual Orientation
      • Wealth
        • Wealth : Overview
        • Criminal Procedure and Sentences
        • Access to Courts
        • Educational Opportunity
        • Wealth : Abortion
      • Fundamental Rights
        • Fundamental Rights : Overview
        • Interstate Travel
• Section 2 Apportionment of Representation
  • Apportionment of Representation: Doctrine and Practice
• Section 3 Disqualification from Holding Office
  • Disqualification from Holding Office: Doctrine and Practice
    • Disqualification Clause
• Section 4 Public Debt Clause
  • Public Debt Clause: Overview
• Section 5 Enforcement Clause
  • Enforcement Clause: Overview
  • Who Congress May Regulate
  • Pre-Modern Doctrine
  • Modern Doctrine