Fourteenth Amendment  Equal Protection and Other Rights

• Overview of Fourteenth Amendment, Equal Protection and Rights of Citizens
• State Action Doctrine
• Section 1 Rights
  • Due Process Generally
  • Citizenship
    • Historical Background on Citizenship Clause
    • Citizenship Clause Doctrine
    • Loss of Citizenship
  • Privileges or Immunities
    • Privileges or Immunities of Citizens and the Slaughter-House Cases
    • Modern Doctrine on Privileges or Immunities Clause
  • Incorporation of Bill of Rights
    • Overview of Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
    • Early Doctrine on Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
    • Modern Doctrine on Selective Incorporation of Bill of Rights
  • Procedural Due Process
    • Overview of Procedural Due Process
    • Liberty Deprivations and Due Process
    • Property Deprivations and Due Process
    • Civil Cases
      • Overview of Procedural Due Process in Civil Cases
      • Due Process Test in Mathews v. Eldridge
      • Notice of Charge and Due Process
      • Opportunity for Meaningful Hearing
      • Impartial Decision Maker
      • Additional Requirements of Procedural Due Process
      • Power of States to Regulate Procedures
      • Statutes of Limitations and Procedural Due Process
      • Burdens of Proof and Presumptions
    • Criminal Cases
      • Overview of Procedural Due Process in Criminal Cases
      • Impartial Judge and Jury
      • Identification in Pre-Trial Process
      • Plea Bargaining in Pre-Trial Process
      • Guilt Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
      • Evidentiary Requirements in Criminal Cases
      • Competency for Trial
      • Due Process Rights of Juvenile Offenders
    • Criminal Cases Post-Trial
      • Overview of Criminal Cases and Post-Trial Due Process
      • Criminal Appeals and Procedural Due Process
      • Probation, Parole, and Procedural Due Process
      • Prisoners and Procedural Due Process
    • State Taxes
      • State Taxes and Due Process Generally
      • Assessment of State Taxes and Due Process
      • Notice of State Taxes and Due Process
      • Collection of State Taxes and Due Process
    • Other Contexts
      • Parental and Children's Rights and Due Process
      • Protective Commitment and Due Process
  • Substantive Due Process
    • Overview of Substantive Due Process
    • Economic
      • Overview of Economic Substantive Due Process
      • Liberty of Contract and Lochner v. New York
      • Laws Regulating Working Conditions and Wages
    • Noneconomic
      • Overview of Noneconomic Substantive Due Process
      • Historical Background on Noneconomic Substantive Due Process
      • Informational Privacy, Confidentiality, and Substantive Due Process
      • Family Autonomy and Substantive Due Process
      • Marriage and Substantive Due Process
      • Sexual Activity, Privacy, and Substantive Due Process
    • Abortion
      • Abortion, Roe v. Wade, and Pre-Dobbs Doctrine
      • Restrictions on Abortion Funding
      • Abortion, Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, and Post-Dobbs Doctrine
    • Medical Care
      • Right to Refuse Medical Treatment and Substantive Due Process
      • Physician Assisted-Death and Substantive Due Process
      • Civil Commitment and Substantive Due Process
  • Due Process Limits on State Action
    • Void for Vagueness
    • Personal Jurisdiction
      • Overview of Personal Jurisdiction and Due Process
      • Personal Jurisdiction from Founding Era to 1945
      • Modern Doctrine on Personal Jurisdiction
      • Minimum Contact Requirements for Personal Jurisdiction
      • Reasonableness Test for Personal Jurisdiction
    • State Taxation
      • State Taxing Power
      • State Jurisdiction to Tax
      • Real Property and Tangible Personalty
      • Intangible Personalty
      • Transfer (Inheritance, Estate, Gift) Taxes
      • Corporate Privilege Taxes
      • Individual Income Taxes
      • Corporate Income Taxes and Foreign Corporations
      • Insurance Company Taxes
  • Equal Protection
    • Facially Neutral Laws Implicating Racial Minorities
    • Sexual Orientation-Based Classifications
    • Race-Based Classifications Generally
      • Overview of Race-Based Classifications
      • Equal Protection and Rational Basis Review Generally
      • Marriage and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
      • Judicial System and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
      • Public Designation and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
      • Public Accommodations and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
      • Political Process Doctrine
      • Peremptory Challenges
    • Segregation in Education
      • Brown v. Board of Education
      • Aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education
      • Implementing School Desegregation
      • Scope of Remedial Desegregation Orders and Ending Court Supervision
      • Remaining Vestiges of Unconstitutional Racial Segregation
    • Segregation in Other Contexts
      • Overview of Segregation in Other Contexts
      • Housing and Segregation
      • Transportation and Segregation
      • Public Facilities and Segregation
      • Private Businesses and Segregation
    • Facially Non-Neutral Laws Benefiting Racial Minorities
      • Early Doctrine on Appropriate Scrutiny
      • Modern Doctrine on Appropriate Scrutiny
    • Voting Rights
      • Voting Rights Generally
      • Voter Qualifications
      • Partisan Gerrymandering
      • Equality Standard and Vote Dilution
      • Inequalities Within a State and Vote Dilution
      • Racial Vote Dilution and Racial Gerrymandering
      • Ballot Access
    • Non-Race Based Classifications
      • Overview of Non-Race Based Classifications
      • Alienage Classification
      • Out of Wedlock Births
    • Gender-Based Classifications
      • Doctrine on Gender Classifications from 1870s to 1960s
      • Doctrine on Gender Classifications During the 1970s
      • General Approach to Gender Classifications
      • Facially Non-Neutral Laws Benefiting Women
    • Non-Suspect Classifications
      • Meaning of Person in the Equal Protection Clause
      • Meaning of Within Its Jurisdiction in the Equal Protection Clause
      • Police Power Classifications and Equal Protection Clause
    • Economic Regulation and Taxing Power
      • Overview of Economic Regulation and Taxing Power
      • Classifications for State Taxes
      • Foreign Corporations, Nonresidents, and State Taxes
      • State Income Taxes
      • State Inheritance Taxes
      • Motor Vehicle Taxes
      • Property Taxes
      • Special Assessments
    • Wealth-Based Distinctions
      • Overview of Wealth-Based Distinctions and Equal Protection
      • Criminal Procedures, Sentences, and Poverty
      • Access to Courts, Wealth, and Equal Protection
      • Educational Opportunity, Wealth, and Equal Protection
      • Abortion, Public Assistance, and Equal Protection
    • Fundamental Rights
      • Overview of Fundamental Rights
      • Interstate Travel as a Fundamental Right
      • Residency Requirements and Interstate Travel
• Section 2 Apportionment of Representation
  • Overview of Apportionment of Representation
• Section 3 Disqualification from Holding Office
  • Overview of Disqualification Clause
• Section 4 Public Debt
  • Overview of Public Debt Clause
• Section 5 Enforcement
  • Overview of Enforcement Clause
  • Who Congress May Regulate
  • Pre-Modern Doctrine on Enforcement Clause
  • Modern Doctrine on Enforcement Clause