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  1. LII
  2. U.S. Constitution Annotated
  3. Amendment XIV. Equal Protection and Other Rights
  4. Section I
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    Section 1 Rights
    • Due Process Generally
      • Citizenship
        • Historical Background on Citizenship Clause
          • Citizenship Clause Doctrine
            • Loss of Citizenship
            • Privileges or Immunities
              • Privileges or Immunities of Citizens and the Slaughter-House Cases
                • Modern Doctrine on Privileges or Immunities Clause
                • Incorporation of Bill of Rights
                  • Overview of Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
                    • Early Doctrine on Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
                      • Modern Doctrine on Selective Incorporation of Bill of Rights
                      • Procedural Due Process
                        • Overview of Procedural Due Process
                          • Liberty Deprivations and Due Process
                            • Property Deprivations and Due Process
                              • Civil Cases
                                • Overview of Procedural Due Process in Civil Cases
                                  • Due Process Test in Mathews v. Eldridge
                                    • Notice of Charge and Due Process
                                      • Opportunity for Meaningful Hearing
                                        • Impartial Decision Maker
                                          • Additional Requirements of Procedural Due Process
                                            • Power of States to Regulate Procedures
                                              • Statutes of Limitations and Procedural Due Process
                                                • Burdens of Proof and Presumptions
                                                • Criminal Cases
                                                  • Overview of Procedural Due Process in Criminal Cases
                                                    • Impartial Judge and Jury
                                                      • Identification in Pre-Trial Process
                                                        • Plea Bargaining in Pre-Trial Process
                                                          • Guilt Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
                                                            • Evidentiary Requirements in Criminal Cases
                                                              • Competency for Trial
                                                                • Due Process Rights of Juvenile Offenders
                                                                • Criminal Cases Post-Trial
                                                                  • Overview of Criminal Cases and Post-Trial Due Process
                                                                    • Criminal Appeals and Procedural Due Process
                                                                      • Probation, Parole, and Procedural Due Process
                                                                        • Prisoners and Procedural Due Process
                                                                        • State Taxes
                                                                          • State Taxes and Due Process Generally
                                                                            • Assessment of State Taxes and Due Process
                                                                              • Notice of State Taxes and Due Process
                                                                                • Collection of State Taxes and Due Process
                                                                                • Other Contexts
                                                                                  • Parental and Children's Rights and Due Process
                                                                                    • Protective Commitment and Due Process
                                                                                  • Substantive Due Process
                                                                                    • Overview of Substantive Due Process
                                                                                      • Economic
                                                                                        • Overview of Economic Substantive Due Process
                                                                                          • Liberty of Contract and Lochner v. New York
                                                                                            • Laws Regulating Working Conditions and Wages
                                                                                            • Noneconomic
                                                                                              • Overview of Noneconomic Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                • Historical Background on Noneconomic Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                  • Informational Privacy, Confidentiality, and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                    • Family Autonomy and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                      • Marriage and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                        • Sexual Activity, Privacy, and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                        • Abortion
                                                                                                          • Abortion, Roe v. Wade, and Pre-Dobbs Doctrine
                                                                                                            • Restrictions on Abortion Funding
                                                                                                              • Abortion, Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, and Post-Dobbs Doctrine
                                                                                                              • Medical Care
                                                                                                                • Right to Refuse Medical Treatment and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                                  • Physician Assisted-Death and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                                    • Civil Commitment and Substantive Due Process
                                                                                                                  • Due Process Limits on State Action
                                                                                                                    • Void for Vagueness
                                                                                                                      • Personal Jurisdiction
                                                                                                                        • Overview of Personal Jurisdiction and Due Process
                                                                                                                          • Personal Jurisdiction from Founding Era to 1945
                                                                                                                            • Modern Doctrine on Personal Jurisdiction
                                                                                                                              • Minimum Contact Requirements for Personal Jurisdiction
                                                                                                                                • Reasonableness Test for Personal Jurisdiction
                                                                                                                                • State Taxation
                                                                                                                                  • State Taxing Power
                                                                                                                                    • State Jurisdiction to Tax
                                                                                                                                      • Real Property and Tangible Personalty
                                                                                                                                        • Intangible Personalty
                                                                                                                                          • Transfer (Inheritance, Estate, Gift) Taxes
                                                                                                                                            • Corporate Privilege Taxes
                                                                                                                                              • Individual Income Taxes
                                                                                                                                                • Corporate Income Taxes and Foreign Corporations
                                                                                                                                                  • Insurance Company Taxes
                                                                                                                                                • Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                  • Facially Neutral Laws Implicating Suspect Classifications
                                                                                                                                                    • Sexual Orientation-Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                      • Race-Based Classifications Generally
                                                                                                                                                        • Overview of Race-Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                          • Equal Protection and Rational Basis Review Generally
                                                                                                                                                            • Marriage and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
                                                                                                                                                              • Judicial System and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
                                                                                                                                                                • Public Designation and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
                                                                                                                                                                  • Public Accommodations and Facially Non-Neutral Laws
                                                                                                                                                                    • Political Process Doctrine
                                                                                                                                                                      • Peremptory Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                      • Segregation in Education
                                                                                                                                                                        • Brown v. Board of Education
                                                                                                                                                                          • Aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education
                                                                                                                                                                            • Implementing School Desegregation
                                                                                                                                                                              • Scope of Remedial Desegregation Orders and Ending Court Supervision
                                                                                                                                                                                • Remaining Vestiges of Unconstitutional Racial Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                • Segregation in Other Contexts
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview of Segregation in Other Contexts
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Housing and Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Transportation and Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Public Facilities and Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Private Businesses and Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Facially Non-Neutral Laws Benefiting Racial Minorities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Early Doctrine on Appropriate Scrutiny
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Modern Doctrine on Appropriate Scrutiny
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Voting Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Voting Rights Generally
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Voter Qualifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Partisan Gerrymandering
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Equality Standard and Vote Dilution
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Inequalities Within a State and Vote Dilution
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Racial Vote Dilution and Racial Gerrymandering
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Ballot Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Non-Race Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Overview of Non-Race Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Alienage Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Out of Wedlock Births
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Gender-Based Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Doctrine on Gender Classifications from 1870s to 1960s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Doctrine on Gender Classifications During the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • General Approach to Gender Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Facially Non-Neutral Laws Benefiting Women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Non-Suspect Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Meaning of Person in the Equal Protection Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Meaning of Within Its Jurisdiction in the Equal Protection Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Police Power Classifications and Equal Protection Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Economic Regulation and Taxing Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview of Economic Regulation and Taxing Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Classifications for State Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Foreign Corporations, Nonresidents, and State Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • State Income Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • State Inheritance Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Motor Vehicle Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Property Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Special Assessments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Wealth-Based Distinctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview of Wealth-Based Distinctions and Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Criminal Procedures, Sentences, and Poverty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Access to Courts, Wealth, and Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Educational Opportunity, Wealth, and Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Abortion, Public Assistance, and Equal Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fundamental Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Overview of Fundamental Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Interstate Travel as a Fundamental Right
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Residency Requirements and Interstate Travel

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            U.S. Constitution Annotated Toolbox

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Explanation of the Constitution - from the Congressional Research Service
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