equal representation

In Appeal No. 18-17.042, the French Supreme Court confirms that Law no. 2015-994 of 17 August 2015 relating to social dialogue and employment, known as the Rebsamen Law, legally requires trade union organizations to comply with the principle of balanced representation of women and men when drawing up candidate lists for professional elections. This obligation does not constitute a disproportionate infringement of trade union freedom.

The Constitutional Court considered a challenge to the internal provincial government’s procedural rules which included, among other claims, that one Article of the procedural rules violated the gender equality requirement of Article 14 of the Constitution.  The Court found the procedural rules to conform to Article 14, provided that they must be understood and interpreted in light of line four of Article 14, which requires equitable representation of women in provincial institutions (available at pages 46-50 on linked site).

Human Rights Watch report on women's rights issues and challenges during governmental conflicts. 

The Woman's Equal Rights Law of 1951 presents the principle of gender equality in Israel. The law deals with almost every aspect of the status of women in Israel. The law mandates that the same law applies to women and men concerning any legal act; that married women are granted full competence regarding property; and that women are granted full equal rights regarding children custody. Furthermore, any discrimination on succession rights is annulled according to the law. The Act prohibits sexual and gender-based violence, harassment, exploitation, and trafficking.