Or. Admin. Code § 437-002-0228 - Oregon General Requirements for Cranes
(1) General Requirements:
(a) The user shall comply with the
manufacturer's specifications and limitations applicable to the operation of
any and all cranes and derricks;
(b) Where manufacturer's specifications are
not available, the limitations assigned to the equipment shall be based on the
determinations of a qualified engineer competent in this field and such
determinations will be appropriately documented and recorded;
(c) Attachments used with cranes shall not
exceed the capacity, rating, or scope recommended by the
manufacturer;
(d) No modifications
or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the equipment shall
be made without the manufacturer's written approval. Cranes may be modified and
rerated provided such modifications and the supporting structure are checked
thoroughly for the new rated load by a qualified engineer or the equipment
manufacturer;
(e) If such
modifications or changes are made, the capacity, operation, and maintenance
instruction plates, tags, or decals, shall be changed accordingly. In no case
shall the original safety factor of the equipment be reduced. Only the
manufacturer or other competent shop with suitable equipment and with personnel
trained for the work shall be permitted to perform welding or other repair work
on cranes or derricks;
(f) Rated
load capacities, and recommended operating speeds, special hazard warnings, or
instruction, shall be conspicuously posted on all equipment;
(g) Instructional or warning signs shall be
visible to the operator while he or she is at his or her control
station;
(h) The employer shall
designate a competent person who shall inspect all machinery and equipment
prior to each use, and during use, to make sure it is in safe operating
condition;
(i) Any deficiencies
shall be repaired, or defective parts replaced, before continued use;
(j) A thorough, annual inspection of all
cranes shall be made by a competent person, or a government or private
agency;
(k) The employer shall
maintain a record of the dates and results of inspections for each hoisting
machine and piece of equipment;
(l)
An unimpaired horizontal clearance of not less than three feet shall be
maintained between the rotating superstructure of any crane and any adjacent
object or surface. If this clearance cannot be maintained, barricades shall be
installed to isolate the hazardous area;
(m) All windows in cabs shall be of safety
glass, or its equivalent, that introduces no visible distortion that will
interfere with the safe operation of the machine;
(n) Cranes which operate at night shall have
their load hooks and working areas adequately lighted;
(o) Sufficient light shall be provided in the
operator's cage or cab to enable the operator to see clearly enough to perform
his or her work;
(p) An accessible
fire extinguisher of 10 BC rating, or higher, shall be available at all
operator stations or cabs of equipment;
(q) Belts, gears, and other reciprocating,
rotating, or moving parts or equipment shall be guarded as required in OAR
chapter 437, division 2/O, Machinery and Machine Guarding.
(2) Crane operator training requirements:
(a) The employer shall establish written
procedures for the safe operation of all cranes and derricks;
(b) The employer shall see that employees who
operate cranes or derricks are properly trained, have sufficient practical
experience, and follow operating procedures for the safe operation of the crane
or derrick;
(c) The level of
training and experience received by the employee to meet OAR
437-002-0228(2)(b)
above shall be recorded in writing;
(d) The employer shall maintain all written
records of crane or derrick operators' training and experience, and shall make
such records available for review by the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health
Division (OR-OSHA) upon request.
(3) Overhead Wires -- Operating Near Electric
Power Lines. A warning sign, legible at 12 feet, shall be posted and maintained
in plain view of the operators of each crane, derrick, or power-shovel. The
sign shall read, "UNLAWFUL TO OPERATE THIS EQUIPMENT WITHIN TEN FEET OF
HIGH-VOLTAGE LINES."
NOTE: For operation near overhead electric lines see Division 2/S, Electrical, 1910.333(c)(3).
(4) Signals. Class "D" citizens band radio
frequencies shall not be used for signalling crane operators.
(5) Hoisting Equipment and Tackle. Blocks,
Sheaves, and Drums:
(a) Blocks, sheaves and
drums and all parts thereof shall not be used for heavier strains or greater
speeds than that for which they have been designed and constructed;
(b) Sheave and drum diameters shall be as
recommended by the wire rope manufacturer for the size rope being
used;
(c) All pins, including
bearing and yoke pins, of all blocks shall be secured against accidental
displacement;
(d) Shaves supporting
boom lines shall not be carried on overhung sheave pins unless equipped with
substantial guards passing around the sheave pin and securely held from
dislodgment from the pin;
(e) All
blocks shall be fitted with line guards or shall be designed and set in a
manner that prevents fouling;
(f)
Where the slacking of cable around sheaves and idlers would result in injury to
workers, line guards shall be provided;
(g) Working line blocks shall be kept in
proper alignment;
(h) Snatch (gate)
blocks shall be closed and hooked before being used.
(6) Drums. Ends of lines attached to drums
shall be securely fastened by means of clamps, socketing, or other means
furnishing equivalent strength. Not less than two wraps of line shall be
maintained on drums.
(7) Chains:
(a) End fastenings shall be capable of
sustaining loads up to the breaking strength of the hoisting chain with which
they are used;
(b) Hoisting chains
shall be repaired or removed from such service when the increase in length
(stretch) of the measured section exceeds five percent; or when a link is bent,
twisted, or otherwise damaged, or when raised scarfs or defective welds
appear;
(c) Knots shall not be tied
in chain in order to shorten its length.
(8) Hooks. When necessary to prevent lifting
attachments from inadvertently lifting out of the hook, a safety type hook or
other device or means shall be used.
(9) Wire Rope:
(a) Wire rope and replacement wire rope shall
be of the same size, same or better grade, and same construction as originally
furnished by the equipment manufacturer or contemplated in the design, unless
otherwise recommended by the equipment or the wire rope manufacturer;
(b) Wire rope with an independent wire-rope
center or other heat-resisting center shall be used as hoisting rope whenever
exposed to excessive temperatures such as ingot-pouring, ladle cranes, and
similar operations;
(c) Running
wire ropes shall be guarded if within seven feet of the floor or
platform;
(d) Care shall be taken
to prevent friction of ropes with other objects which will cause chafing or
breaking of wires;
(e) Wire rope
shall be taken out of service when any of the following conditions exist:
(A) In running ropes, six randomly
distributed broken wire in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one
lay;
(B) Wear of one-third the
original diameter of outside individual wires. Kinking, crushing, bird caging,
or any other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure;
(C) Evidence of any heat damage from any
cause;
(D) Reductions from nominal
diameter of more than 1/64-inch for diameters up to and including 5/16-inch,
1/32-inch for diameters 3/8-inch to and including 1/2-inch, 3/64-inch for
diameters 9/16-inch to and including 3/4-inch, 1/16-inch for diameters 7/8 to
1-1/8 inches inclusive, 3/32-inch for diameters 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 inches
inclusive;
(E) In standing ropes,
more than two broken wires in one lay in sections beyond end connections or
more than one broken wire at an end connection;
(F) Corroded, damaged, or improperly applied
end connections.
(f)
Wire rope safety factors shall be in accordance with American National
Standards Institute B30.5-1989 or SAE-J959-1966, Lifting Crane, Wire-Rope
Strength Factors.
NOTE: The margin of line to be used in making a long splice shall be indicated in the following table. The full length of the splice will be twice the length "to be unraveled."
Rope Diameter -- To Be Unraveled
1/4 inch -- 6 feet
1/2 inch -- 8 feet
3/4 inch --15 feet
1 inch -- 20 feet
1-1/4 inches -- 25 feet
1-1/2 inches -- 30 feet
1-3/4 inches -- 35 feet
2 inches -- 40 feet
(g) All cable shall be kept lubricated as
conditions of use require;
(h) When
U-bolt wire rope clips are used for form eyes, the following table shall be
used to determine the number and spacing of clips:
NUMBER AND SPACING OF U-BOLT WIRE CLIPS
Number of Clips
Improved Plow Steel Rope Diameter Inches -- Drop Forged -- Other Material -- Minimum Spacing (Inches)
1/2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 3
5/8 -- 3 -- 4 -- 3-3/4
3/4 -- 4 -- 5 -- 4-1/2
7/8 -- 4 -- 5 -- 5-1/4
1 -- 5 -- 6 -- 6
1-1/8 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6-3/4
1-1/4 -- 6 -- 7 -- 7-1/2
1-3/8 -- 7 -- 7 -- 8-1/4
1-1/2 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9
(i) When used for eye splices, the U-bolt
shall be applied so that the "U" section is in contact with the dead end of the
rope;
(j) The use of cable clips or
clamps may be accepted only when used in locations where they are readily
accessible and subjected to frequent inspection. Clips and clamps when used
shall be of the correct size and shall be properly applied. Allowance shall be
made for the reduced strength of the line;
(k) The use of cable clips or clamps for
joining lines is prohibited, except where used for transferring of slack lines
from one place to another.
Notes
Stat. Auth.: ORS 654.025(2) & 656.726(3)
Stats. Implemented: ORS 654.001 - 654.295
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