21 USC § 351 - Adulterated drugs and devices

A drug or device shall be deemed to be adulterated—

(a) Poisonous, insanitary, etc., ingredients; adequate controls in manufacture

(1) If it consists in whole or in part of any filthy, putrid, or decomposed substance; or

(2)

(A) if it has been prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have been contaminated with filth, or whereby it may have been rendered injurious to health; or

(B) if it is a drug and the methods used in, or the facilities or controls used for, its manufacture, processing, packing, or holding do not conform to or are not operated or administered in conformity with current good manufacturing practice to assure that such drug meets the requirements of this chapter as to safety and has the identity and strength, and meets the quality and purity characteristics, which it purports or is represented to possess; or

(C) if it is a compounded positron emission tomography drug and the methods used in, or the facilities and controls used for, its compounding, processing, packing, or holding do not conform to or are not operated or administered in conformity with the positron emission tomography compounding standards and the official monographs of the United States Pharmacopoeia to assure that such drug meets the requirements of this chapter as to safety and has the identity and strength, and meets the quality and purity characteristics, that it purports or is represented to possess; or

(3) if its container is composed, in whole or in part, of any poisonous or deleterious substance which may render the contents injurious to health; or

(4) if

(A) it bears or contains, for purposes of coloring only, a color additive which is unsafe within the meaning of section 379e (a) of this title, or

(B) it is a color additive the intended use of which in or on drugs or devices is for purposes of coloring only and is unsafe within the meaning of section 379e (a) of this title; or

(5) if it is a new animal drug which is unsafe within the meaning of section 360b of this title; or

(6) if it is an animal feed bearing or containing a new animal drug, and such animal feed is unsafe within the meaning of section 360b of this title.

(b) Strength, quality, or purity differing from official compendium

If it purports to be or is represented as a drug the name of which is recognized in an official compendium, and its strength differs from, or its quality or purity falls below, the standard set forth in such compendium. Such determination as to strength, quality, or purity shall be made in accordance with the tests or methods of assay set forth in such compendium, except that whenever tests or methods of assay have not been prescribed in such compendium, or such tests or methods of assay as are prescribed are, in the judgment of the Secretary, insufficient for the making of such determination, the Secretary shall bring such fact to the attention of the appropriate body charged with the revision of such compendium, and if such body fails within a reasonable time to prescribe tests or methods of assay which, in the judgment of the Secretary, are sufficient for purposes of this paragraph, then the Secretary shall promulgate regulations prescribing appropriate tests or methods of assay in accordance with which such determination as to strength, quality, or purity shall be made. No drug defined in an official compendium shall be deemed to be adulterated under this paragraph because it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity therefor set forth in such compendium, if its difference in strength, quality, or purity from such standard is plainly stated on its label. Whenever a drug is recognized in both the United States Pharmacopoeia and the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States it shall be subject to the requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia unless it is labeled and offered for sale as a homoeopathic drug, in which case it shall be subject to the provisions of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States and not to those of the United States Pharmacopoeia.

(c) Misrepresentation of strength, etc., where drug is unrecognized in compendium

If it is not subject to the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section and its strength differs from, or its purity or quality falls below, that which it purports or is represented to possess.

(d) Mixture with or substitution of another substance

If it is a drug and any substance has been

(1) mixed or packed therewith so as to reduce its quality or strength or

(2) substituted wholly or in part therefor.

(e) Devices not in conformity with performance standards

(1) If it is, or purports to be or is represented as, a device which is subject to a performance standard established under section 360d of this title unless such device is in all respects in conformity with such standard.

(2) If it is declared to be, purports to be, or is represented as, a device that is in conformity with any standard recognized under section 360d (c) of this title unless such device is in all respects in conformity with such standard.

(f) Certain class III devices

(1) If it is a class III device—

(A)

(i) which is required by a regulation promulgated under subsection (b) ofsection 360e of this title to have an approval under such section of an application for premarket approval and which is not exempt from section 360e of this title under section 360j (g) of this title, and

(ii)

(I) for which an application for premarket approval or a notice of completion of a product development protocol was not filed with the Secretary within the ninety-day period beginning on the date of the promulgation of such regulation, or

(II) for which such an application was filed and approval of the application has been denied, suspended, or withdrawn, or such a notice was filed and has been declared not completed or the approval of the device under the protocol has been withdrawn;

(B)

(i) which was classified under section 360c (f) of this title into class III, which under section 360e (a) of this title is required to have in effect an approved application for premarket approval, and which is not exempt from section 360e of this title under section 360j (g) of this title, and

(ii) which has an application which has been suspended or is otherwise not in effect; or

(C) which was classified under section 360j (l) of this title into class III, which under such section is required to have in effect an approved application under section 360e of this title, and which has an application which has been suspended or is otherwise not in effect.

(2)

(A) In the case of a device classified under section 360c (f) of this title into class III and intended solely for investigational use, paragraph  ^[1] (1)(B) shall not apply with respect to such device during the period ending on the ninetieth day after the date of the promulgation of the regulations prescribing the procedures and conditions required by section 360j (g)(2) of this title.

(B) In the case of a device subject to a regulation promulgated under subsection (b) ofsection 360e of this title, paragraph  ^[1] (1) shall not apply with respect to such device during the period ending—

(i) on the last day of the thirtieth calendar month beginning after the month in which the classification of the device in class III became effective under section 360c of this title, or

(ii) on the ninetieth day after the date of the promulgation of such regulation,

whichever occurs later.

(g) Banned devices

If it is a banned device.

(h) Manufacture, packing, storage, or installation of device not in conformity with applicable requirements or conditions

If it is a device and the methods used in, or the facilities or controls used for, its manufacture, packing, storage, or installation are not in conformity with applicable requirements under section 360j (f)(1) of this title or an applicable condition prescribed by an order under section 360j (f)(2) of this title.

(i) Failure to comply with requirements under which device was exempted for investigational use

If it is a device for which an exemption has been granted under section 360j (g) of this title for investigational use and the person who was granted such exemption or any investigator who uses such device under such exemption fails to comply with a requirement prescribed by or under such section.

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[1]  So in original. Probably should be “subparagraph”.

Source

(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 501,52 Stat. 1049; Pub. L. 86–618, title I, § 102(b)(1),July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 398; Pub. L. 87–781, title I, § 101,Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 780; Pub. L. 90–399, § 101(a),July 13, 1968, 82 Stat. 343; Pub. L. 94–295, §§ 3(d), 9 (b)(1),May 28, 1976, 90 Stat. 576, 583; Pub. L. 101–629, § 9(b),Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4521; Pub. L. 102–571, title I, § 107(8),Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4499; Pub. L. 105–115, title I, § 121(b)(1), title II, § 204(c),Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2320, 2336.)

Amendments

1997—Par. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–115, § 121(b)(1), inserted “; or (C) if it is a compounded positron emission tomography drug and the methods used in, or the facilities and controls used for, its compounding, processing, packing, or holding do not conform to or are not operated or administered in conformity with the positron emission tomography compounding standards and the official monographs of the United States Pharmacopoeia to assure that such drug meets the requirements of this chapter as to safety and has the identity and strength, and meets the quality and purity characteristics, that it purports or is represented to possess;” before “or (3)”.

Par. (e). Pub. L. 105–115, § 204(c), designated existing provisions as subpar. (1) and added subpar. (2).

1992—Par. (a)(4). Pub. L. 102–571substituted “379e(a)” for “376(a)” in cls. (A) and (B).

1990—Par. (f)(1). Pub. L. 101–629, § 9(b), which directed the amendment of subpars. (A) to (C) of par. (f), was executed by making the amendments in cls. (A) to (C) of subpar. (1) of par. (f) as follows to reflect the probable intent of Congress: in cl. (A)(ii)(II), substituted “, suspended, or withdrawn” for “or withdrawn”; in cl. (B)(ii), substituted “which has an application which has been suspended or is otherwise not in effect” for “which does not have such an application in effect”; and in cl. (C), substituted “which has an application which has been suspended or is otherwise not in effect” for “which does not have such an application in effect”.

1976—Par. (a). Pub. L. 94–295, § 9(b)(1), substituted “(3) if its” for “(3) if it is a drug and its” in cl. (3), substituted “(4) if (A) it bears or contains” for “(4) if (A) it is a drug which bears or contains” in cl. (4)(A), and substituted “drugs or devices” for “drugs” in cl. (4)(B).

Pars. (e) to (i). Pub. L. 94–295, § 3(d), added pars. (e) to (i).

1968—Par. (a). Pub. L. 90–399added cls. (5) and (6).

1962—Par. (a). Pub. L. 87–781designated existing provisions of cl. (2) as (A) and added (B).

1960—Par. (a). Pub. L. 86–618substituted provisions in cl. (4) relating to unsafe color additives for provisions which related to a coal-tar color other than one from a batch that has been certified in accordance with regulations as provided by section 354 of this title.

Effective and Termination Dates of 1997 Amendment

Section 121(b)(2) ofPub. L. 105–115provided that: “Section 501(a)(2)(C) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 351 (a)(2)(C)) shall not apply 4 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 21, 1997] or 2 years after the date on which the Secretary of Health and Human Services establishes the requirements described in subsection (c)(1)(B) [section 121(c)(1)(B) ofPub. L. 105–115, set out as a note under section 355 of this title], whichever is later.”

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–115effective 90 days after Nov. 21, 1997, except as otherwise provided, see section 501 ofPub. L. 105–115, set out as an Effective Date of 1997 Amendment note under section 321 of this title.

Effective Date of 1968 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 90–399effective on first day of thirteenth calendar month after July 13, 1968, see section 108(a) ofPub. L. 90–399, set out as an Effective Date and Transitional Provisions note under section 360b of this title.

Effective Date of 1962 Amendment; Exceptions

Amendment by Pub. L. 87–781effective on first day of seventh calendar month following October 1962, see section 107 ofPub. L. 87–781, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Effective Date of 1960 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 86–618effective July 12, 1960, subject to the provisions of section 203 ofPub. L. 86–618, see section 202 ofPub. L. 86–618, set out as a note under section 379e of this title.

Effective Date; Postponement

Par. (a)(4) effective Jan. 1, 1940, see act June 23, 1939, ch. 242, 53 Stat. 853, set out as an Effective Date; Postponement in Certain Cases note under section 301 of this title.

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of functions of Federal Security Administrator to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services], and of Food and Drug Administration in the Department of Agriculture to Federal Security Agency, see notes set out under section 321 of this title.