The following words and terms, when used in this
chapter, have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates
otherwise:
ANSI-The American National Standards
Institute, Inc. of New York, New York.
Act-The Pennsylvania Safe Drinking
Water Act (35 P. S. §§
721.1-721.17).
Administrator-The Administrator of the
EPA.
BAT-Best Available Technology-The best
technology, treatment techniques or other means which the Administrator finds
are available for achieving compliance with maximum contaminant levels. This
chapter incorporates by reference the BAT specified in
40 CFR Parts
141 and
142 (relating to National primary
drinking water regulations; and National primary drinking water regulations
implementation).
Bag filter-A pressure-driven
separation device that removes particulate matter larger than 1 micrometer
using an engineered porous filtration media. It is typically constructed of a
nonrigid, fabric filtration media housed in a pressure vessel in which the
direction of flow is from the inside of the bag to outside.
Bank filtration-A water treatment
process that uses a well to recover surface water that has naturally
infiltrated into groundwater through a riverbed or bank. Infiltration is
typically enhanced by the hydraulic gradient imposed by a nearby pumping water
supply or other well.
Bin-A category based on the level of
Cryptosporidium present in source water. Four potential bins
exist, 1-4. The higher the bin, the higher the concentration of source water
Cryptosporidium.
Bottled water system-A public water
system which provides water for bottling in sealed bottles or other sealed
containers. The term includes, but is not limited to, the sources of water and
treatment, storage, bottling, manufacturing and distribution facilities. The
term does not include a public water system which provides only a source of
water supply for a bottled water system and excludes an entity providing only
transportation, distribution or sale of bottled water in sealed bottles or
other sealed containers.
Bulk water hauling system-A public
water system which provides water piped into a carrier vehicle and withdrawn by
a similar means into the user's storage facility or vessel. The term includes,
but is not limited to, the sources of water, treatment, storage or distribution
facilities. The term does not include a public water system which provides only
a source of water supply for a bulk water hauling system.
CASRN-Chemical Abstracts Service
Registry Number.
CCR-Consumer Confidence Report-An
annual water quality report that community water systems deliver to their
customers, as described in §
109.416 (relating to CCR
requirements).
CPE-Comprehensive performance
evaluation-A thorough review and analysis of a treatment plant's
performance-based capabilities and associated administrative, operation and
maintenance practices.
(i) The CPE is
conducted to identify factors that may be adversely impacting a plant's
capability to achieve compliance and emphasizes approaches that can be
implemented without significant capital improvements.
(ii) The CPE shall consist of at least the
following components:
(A) Assessment of plant
performance.
(B) Evaluation of
major unit processes.
(C)
Identification and prioritization of performance limiting factors.
(D) Assessment of the applicability of
comprehensive technical assistance.
(E) Preparation of a CPE report.
CT-The product of residual
disinfectant concentration (C) measured in mg/L in a representative sample of
water prior to the first customer, and disinfectant contact time (T); that is,
"C" x "T." If disinfectants are applied at more than one point prior to the
first customer, the CT is determined for each disinfectant sequence prior to
the first customer to determine the total percent inactivation achieved by
disinfection prior to the first customer. In determining the total percent
inactivation, the residual disinfectant concentration of each disinfection
sequence and corresponding contact time before subsequent disinfection
application points shall be determined.
Cartridge filter-A pressure-driven
separation device that removes particulate matter larger than 1 micrometer
using an engineered porous filtration media. It is typically constructed as
rigid or semirigid, self-supporting filter elements housed in pressure vessels
in which flow is from the outside of the cartridge to the inside.
Coagulation-A process using coagulant
chemicals and mixing by which colloidal and suspended material are destabilized
and agglomerated into settleable or filterable flocs, or both.
Collection-The parts of a public water
system occurring prior to treatment, including source, transmission facilities
and pretreatment storage facilities.
Combined distribution system-The
interconnected distribution system consisting of the distribution systems of
wholesale systems and of the public water systems that obtain finished water
from another public water system.
Community water system-A public water
system which serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round
residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents.
Compliance cycle-A 9-year calendar
year cycle during which public water suppliers shall monitor for contaminants.
The first compliance cycle begins January 1, 1993, and ends December 31,
2001.
Compliance period-A 3-year calendar
year period within a compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle is made up of
three 3-year compliance periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first
compliance period runs from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1995.
Confluent growth-Bacterial growth,
with or without sheen, covering the entire membrane filter, or a portion
thereof, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete.
Consecutive water system -A public
water system which obtains all of its water from another public water system
and resells the water to a person, provides treatment to meet a primary MCL,
MRDL or treatment technique, or provides drinking water to an interstate
carrier. The term does not include bottled water and bulk water systems.
Contaminant-A physical, chemical,
biological or radiological substance or matter in water.
Conventional filtration-The series of
processes for the purpose of substantial particulate removal consisting of
coagulation, flocculation, clarification, and granular media filtration. The
clarification step must be a solid/liquid separation process where accumulated
solids are removed during this separate component of the treatment
system.
Corrosion inhibitor-A substance
capable of reducing the corrosivity of water toward metal plumbing materials,
especially lead and copper, by forming a protective film on the interior
surface of those materials.
Cross-connection-An arrangement
allowing either a direct or indirect connection through which backflow,
including backsiphonage, can occur between the drinking water in a public water
system and a system containing a source or potential source of contamination,
or allowing treated water to be removed from any public water system, used for
any purpose or routed through any device or pipes outside the public water
system, and returned to the public water system. The term does not include
connections to devices totally within the control of one or more public water
systems and connections between water mains.
DBP-Disinfection byproduct.
Diatomaceous earth filtration-A
process for the purpose of substantial particulate removal in which a precoat
cake of diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrane
(septum), and while the water is filtered by passing through the cake on the
septum, additional filter media, known as body feed, is continuously added to
the feed water, to maintain the permeability of the filter cake.
Direct filtration-A series of
processes for the purpose of substantial particulate removal consisting of
coagulation and filtration. The term normally includes flocculation after
coagulation, but does not include sedimentation.
Disinfectant contact time-The time in
minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant
application to the point where residual disinfectant concentration is measured.
Contact time in pipelines is calculated based on plug flow by dividing the
internal volume of the pipeline by the flow rate through that pipeline. Contact
time within mixing basins and storage reservoirs is determined by tracer
studies or an equivalent demonstration. Guidance for making these
determinations appears in the "Guidance Manual for Compliance with the
Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface
Water Sources" (U. S. EPA, Office of Drinking Water, Criteria and Standards
Division).
Disinfection-A process which
inactivates pathogenic organisms in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent
agents, such as ultraviolet light.
Disinfection profile-The summary of
daily
Giardia lamblia inactivation through the treatment plant
as determined through procedures and measurement methods established by this
chapter.
Dual sample set-A set of two samples
collected at the same time and same location, with one sample analyzed for TTHM
and the other sample analyzed for HAA5. Dual sample sets are collected for the
purposes of conducting an IDSE and determining compliance with the TTHM and
HAA5 MCLs under Subchapter G (relating to system management
responsibilities).
Enhanced coagulation-The addition of
sufficient coagulant for improved removal of disinfection byproduct precusors
by conventional filtration treatment.
Enhanced softening-The improved
removal of disinfection byproduct precusors by precipitative softening.
Entry point-A point acceptable to the
Department at which finished water representative of each source enters the
distribution system.
Environmental acts-The Clean Streams
Law (35 P. S. §§
691.1-691.1001), the Air Pollution Control
Act (35 P. S. §§
4001-4015), the Radiation Protection Act
(35
P. S. §§
7110.101-7110.703), the
Surface Mining Conservation and Reclamation Act (52 P. S. §§
1396.1-1396.31), the Noncoal Surface Mining
Conservation and Reclamation Act (52 P. S. §§
3301-3326), section 1917-A of The
Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P. S. §
510-17), the Dam Safety and Encroachment Act
(32
P. S. §§
693.1-693.27), the Solid
Waste Management Act (35 P. S. §§
6018.101-6018.1003), the Plumbing System Lead
Ban and Notification Act (35 P. S. §§
723.1-723.17) and any other State or Federal
statutes relating to environmental protection or to the protection of the
public health, safety and welfare.
Facility-A part of a public water
system used for collection, treatment, storage or distribution of drinking
water.
Federal act-The Safe Drinking Water
Act ( 42 U.S.C.A.
§§
300f -
300j -
10 ).
Federal regulations-The National
Primary Drinking Water Regulations and the National Secondary Drinking Water
Regulations.
Filter profile-A graphical
representation of individual filter performance, based on continuous turbidity
measurements or total particle counts versus time for an entire filter run,
from startup to backwash inclusively, that includes an assessment of filter
performance while another filter is being backwashed.
Filtration-A process for removing
particulate matter from water by passage through porous media.
Finished water-Water that is
introduced into the distribution system of a public water system and is
intended for distribution and consumption without further treatment, except as
necessary to maintain water quality in the distribution system (for example,
booster disinfection or addition of corrosion control chemicals).
First-draw sample-A 1-liter sample of
tap water collected in accordance with §
109.1103 (relating to monitoring
requirements), that has been standing in plumbing pipes at least 6 hours and is
collected without flushing the tap.
Flocculation-A process to enhance
agglomeration or collection of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily
settleable or filterable particles through gentle stirring by hydraulic or
mechanical means.
Flowing stream-A course of running
water flowing in a definite channel.
GAC-Granular Activated Carbon-A highly
porous adsorbent carbon material produced by heating organic matter that can
absorb various dissolved chemicals in the water.
GAC10-A granular activated carbon
filter bed with an empty bed contact time of 10 minutes based on average daily
flow and a carbon reactivation frequency of every 180 days, except that the
reactivation frequency for GAC10 used as a BAT shall be 120 days.
GAC20-A granular activated carbon
filter bed with an empty bed contact time of 20 minutes based on average daily
flow and a carbon reactivation frequency of every 240 days.
GUDI-Groundwater under the direct influence of
surface water-
(i) Any water
beneath the surface of the ground with the presence of insects or other
macroorganisms, algae, organic debris or large diameter pathogens such as
Giardia lamblia and
Cryptosporidium, or
significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as
turbidity, temperature, conductivity or pH which closely correlate to
climatological or surface water conditions.
(ii) The term does not include finished
water.
Groundwater-Water that is located
within the saturated zone below the water table and is available to supply
wells and springs.
HAA5-Haloacetic acids (five)-The sum
of the concentrations in milligrams per liter of the haloacetic compounds
(monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid,
monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant
figures after addition.
IBWA-The International Bottled Water
Association, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.
IDSE-Initial Distribution System
Evaluation.
IOC-Inorganic chemical.
Initial compliance period-The first
full 3-year compliance period during which a public water supply is required to
monitor for a contaminant.
Innovative technology-A method,
process or equipment for the treatment of drinking water which is not
designated as BAT under EPA regulations and the effectiveness of which has not
been commercially demonstrated in the water supply industry.
LRAA-Locational running annual
average-The average, computed quarterly, of quarterly arithmetic
averages of all analytical results for samples taken at a particular monitoring
location during the most recent 4 calendar quarters.
Lake/reservoir-A natural or man made
basin or hollow on the earth's surface in which water collects or is stored
that may or may not have a current or single direction of flow.
Lead service line-A service line made
of lead which connects a water main to a building inlet and a lead pigtail,
gooseneck or other fitting which is connected to the lead line.
Level 1 assessment-An evaluation to
identify the possible presence of sanitary defects, defects in distribution
system coliform monitoring practices and, when possible, the likely reason that
the system triggered the assessment.
Level 2 assessment-An evaluation to
identify the possible presence of sanitary defects, defects in distribution
system coliform monitoring practices and, when possible, the likely reason that
the system triggered the assessment. This assessment provides a more detailed
examination of the system, including the system's monitoring and operational
practices, than does a Level 1 assessment through the use of more comprehensive
investigation and review of available information, additional internal and
external resources, and other relevant practices.
Liquid from dewatering processes-A
stream containing liquids generated from a unit used to concentrate solids for
disposal.
Log inactivation-A measure of the
amount of viable microorganisms that are rendered nonviable during disinfection
processes and is defined as:
Log inactivation = log
Click
to view Image
Where,
No = Initial concentration of
viable microorganisms
ND = Concentration of viable
microorganisms after disinfection
Log = Logarithm to base 10
Log inactivation is related to percent inactivation,
defined as:
Percent inactivation =
Click
to view Image
Common log-inactivation values and corresponding
percent inactivation values include:
Log Inactivation
|
Percent Inactivation
|
0.5-log |
68.4% |
1.0-log |
90.0% |
1.5-log |
96.8% |
2.0-log |
99.0% |
2.5-log |
99.7% |
3.0-log |
99.9% |
4.0-log |
99.99% |
Log removal-A measure of the physical
removal of a targeted contaminant or disease-causing microorganism (or its
surrogate) during water treatment processes and is defined as:
Log removal = log
Click
to view Image
Where,
No = Initial concentration of
targeted contaminant or disease-causing microorganism (or its surrogate)
NR = Concentration of targeted
contaminant or disease-causing microorganism (or its surrogate) after
removal
Log = Logarithm to base 10
Log removal is related to percent removal, defined
as:
Percent removal =
Common log removal values and corresponding percent
removal values include:
Log Removal
|
Percent Removal
|
0.5-log |
68.4% |
1.0-log |
90.0% |
1.5-log |
96.8% |
2.0-log |
99.0% |
2.5-log |
99.7% |
3.0-log |
99.9% |
4.0-log |
99.99% |
Log treatment-A measure of the removal
or inactivation, or Department-approved combination of removal and
inactivation, of a targeted contaminant or disease-causing microorganism (or
its surrogate) during water treatment processes and is defined as:
Log treatment = Log removal + Log inactivation
Or,
Log treatment = log
Click
to view Image
Where,
No = Initial concentration of a
targeted contaminant or disease-causing microorganism (or its surrogate)
NT = Concentration of a targeted
contaminant or disease-causing microorganism (or its surrogate) after
treatment
Log = Logarithm to base 10
Log treatment is related to percent treatment, defined
as:
Percent treatment =
Common log treatment values and corresponding percent
treatment values include:
Log Treatment
|
Percent Treatment
|
0.5-log |
68.4% |
1.0-log |
90.0% |
1.5-log |
96.8% |
2.0-log |
99.0% |
2.5-log |
99.7% |
3.0-log |
99.9% |
4.0-log |
99.99% |
MCL-Maximum Contaminant Level-The
maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to a
user of a public water system, and includes the primary and secondary MCLs
established under the Federal act, and MCLs adopted under the act.
MCLG-Maximum Contaminant Level
Goal-
(i) The maximum level
of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse
effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate
margin of safety.
(ii) The term
includes the MCLGs established under the Federal act and MCLGs adopted under
the act.
(iii) Maximum
contaminant
level goals are nonenforce-able health goals.
MDL-Method Detection Limit-The minimum
measured concentration of a substance that can be reported with 99% confidence
that the measured concentration is distinguishable from method blank
results.
MRDL-Maximum Residual Disinfectant
Level-The maximum permissible level of a disinfectant added for water
treatment that may not be exceeded at the consumer's tap without an
unacceptable possibility of adverse health effects. The consumer's tap means
the entry point for bottled water and vended water systems, retail water
facilities and bulk water hauling systems.
MRL-Minimum Reporting Level-The
minimum quantitation limit that can practically and consistently be achieved,
with 95% confidence, by capable analysts at 75% or more of laboratories using a
specified analytical method.
Membrane filtration-
(i) A pressure or vacuum driven separation
process in which particulate matter larger than 1 micrometer is rejected by an
engineered barrier, primarily through a size-exclusion mechanism, and which has
a measurable removal efficiency of a target organism that can be verified
through the application of a direct integrity test.
(ii) The term includes the common membrane
technologies of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse
osmosis.
Microorganism-Any of a number of
unicellular, multicellular or colonial bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea or
viruses whose individuals are too small to be seen by the human eye without
magnification.
NAMA-The National Automatic
Merchandising Association of Chicago, Illinois.
NSF-NSF International, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48105.
NTU-Nephelometric Turbidity
Unit.
National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations-Primary drinking water regulations and implementation
regulations promulgated by the Administrator under the Federal act at
40 CFR Parts
141 and
142 (relating to national primary
drinking water regulations; and national primary drinking water regulations
implementation). The term includes interim, revised and final
regulations.
National Secondary Drinking Water
Regulations-Secondary drinking water regulations promulgated by the
Administrator under the Federal act in
40 CFR
143.1 -
143.4.
New source-A source of water supply
that is not covered by a valid permit issued under the act of April 22, 1905 (
P. L.
260, No. 182) (35 P. S. §§
711-716) (Repealed) or under this chapter as
a regular source of supply for the public water system.
Noncommunity water system-A public
water system which is not a community water system.
Nontransient noncommunity water system
-A noncommunity water system that regularly serves at least 25 of the same
persons over 6 months per year.
PDWEP-Guidelines for Public Drinking
Water Equipment Performance issued by NSF.
PFAS-Perfluoroalkyl and
polyfluoroalkyl substances.
PFOA-Perfluorooctanoic acid-CASRN
335-67-1.
PFOS-Perfluorooctanesulfonic
acid-CASRN 176323-1.
Performance evaluation sample-A
reference sample provided to a laboratory for the purpose of demonstrating that
the laboratory can successfully analyze the sample within the limits of
performance specified by the Department. The true value of the concentration of
the reference material is unknown to the laboratory at the time of the
analysis.
Person-An individual, partnership,
association, company, corporation, municipality, municipal authority, political
subdivision, or an agency of Federal or State government. The term includes the
officers, employees and agents of a partnership, association, company,
corporation, municipality, municipal authority, political subdivision, or an
agency of Federal or State government.
Plant intake-The works or structures
at the head of a conduit through which water is diverted from a source (for
example, a river or lake) into the treatment plant.
Point-of-entry (POE) device-A
treatment device used as an alternative to central treatment that is installed
on a public water line or service connection to a house, building or other
facility for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the water distributed
throughout the house, building or facility.
Presedimentation-A preliminary
treatment process used to remove gravel, sand and other particulate material
from the source water through settling before the water enters the primary
clarification and filtration processes in a treatment plant.
Public water supplier-A person who
owns or operates a public water system.
Public water system-A system which
provides water to the public for human consumption which has at least 15
service connections or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals
daily at least 60 days out of the year. The term includes collection,
treatment, storage and distribution facilities under control of the operator of
the system and used in connection with the system. The term includes collection
or pretreatment storage facilities not under control of the operator which are
used in connection with the system. The term also includes a system which
provides water for bottling or bulk hauling for human consumption. Water for
human consumption includes water that is used for drinking, bathing and
showering, cooking, dishwashing or maintaining oral hygiene.
RAA-Running annual average-The
average, computed quarterly, of quarterly arithmetic averages of all analytical
results for samples taken during the most recent 4 calendar quarters.
Recycle-The act of returning recycle
streams to a conventional or direct filtration plant's treatment
process.
Recycle flows-Any water, solid or
semi-solid generated by a conventional or direct filtration plant's treatment
process and residual treatment processes that is returned to the plant's
treatment process.
Reliably and consistently below the
MCL-
(i) For VOCs, SOCs, IOCs
(with the exception of nitrate and nitrite) and PFAS, this means that each
sample result is less than 80% of the MCL.
(ii) For nitrate and nitrite, this means that
each sample result is less than 50% of the MCL.
Repeat compliance period-A subsequent
compliance period after the initial compliance period.
Retail water facility-A public water
system which provides water for bottling without the use of a water vending
machine by dispensing unit servings of water in containers whether or not the
containers are provided by the customers.
SOC-Synthetic Organic Chemical.
SUVA-Specific ultraviolet absorption at 254
nanometers (nm)-An indicator of the humic content of water. It is a
calculated parameter obtained by dividing a sample's ultraviolet absorption at
a wavelength of 254 nm (UV254) (in
m-1) by its concentration of dissolved organic
carbon (DOC) (in mg/L).
Sanitary defect-A defect that could
provide a pathway of entry for microbial contamination into the distribution
system or that is indicative of a failure or imminent failure in a barrier that
is already in place.
Sanitary survey-An onsite review and
evaluation of a public water system's source, facilities and equipment and the
operation and maintenance procedures used by a public water supplier for
producing and distributing safe drinking water.
Seasonal system-A noncommunity water
system that is not operated as a public water system on a year-round basis and
starts up and shuts down at the beginning and end of each operating
season.
Sedimentation-A process for the
removal of solids before filtration by gravity or separation.
Significant deficiency-A defect in
design, operation or maintenance, or a failure or malfunction of the sources,
treatment, storage or distribution system that the Department determines to be
causing, or has the potential for causing the introduction of contamination
into the water delivered to consumers.
Slow sand filtration-A process for the
purpose of substantial particulate removal by physical and biological
mechanisms during the passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low
velocity-generally less than .4 meters per hour.
Source -The place from which water for
a public water system originates or is derived, including, but not limited to,
a well, spring, stream, reservoir, pond, lake or interconnection.
Source water assessment -An evaluation
documented in writing of the contamination potential of a drinking water source
used by a public water system which includes identifying the contributing area
to the water source, an inventory of potential contaminant sources and a
determination of the susceptibility of the water source to
contamination.
Source water protection area -A
surface water intake protection area or a wellhead protection area, or
both.
Source water protection program -A
surface water intake protection program or a wellhead protection program, or
both.
Spent filter backwash water -A stream
containing particles dislodged from filter media when the filter is backwashed
to clean the filter.
Substantial modification -A change in
a public water system that may affect the quantity or quality of water served
to the public or which may be prejudicial to the public health or safety and
includes the addition of new sources; the expansion of existing facilities;
changes in treatment processes; addition, removal, renovation or substitution
of equipment or facilities; and interconnections.
Surface water -Water open to the
atmosphere or subject to surface runoff. The term does not include finished
water.
Surface water intake protection area
-The surface and subsurface area surrounding a surface-water intake supplying a
public water system through which contaminants are reasonably likely to move
toward and reach the water source. A surface water intake protection area must
consist of up to three zones:
(i)
Zone A. A 1/4-mile wide area inland from the edge of a
waterway or surface water body and from an area 1/4-mile downstream of the
intake to a 5-hour time-of-travel upstream.
(ii)
Zone B. A 2-mile wide
area inland from the edge of a waterway or surface water body and extending
upstream to the 25-hour time-of-travel.
(iii)
Zone C. For drainage
basins greater than or equal to 100 square miles, the remainder of the upstream
basin. Zone B and Zone C, if present, comprise the contributing area for the
water source.
Surface water intake protection
program -A comprehensive program designed to protect each surface
water source used by a public water system from contamination.
System-
(i) A group of facilities used to provide
water for human consumption including facilities used for
collection,
treatment, storage and distribution. The facilities shall constitute a system
if they are adjacent or geographically proximate to each other and meet at
least one of the following criteria:
(A) The
facilities provide water to the same establishment which is a business or
commercial enterprise or an arrangement of residential or nonresidential
structures having a common purpose and includes mobile home parks, multi-unit
housing complexes, phased subdivisions, campgrounds and motels.
(B) The facilities are owned, managed or
operated by the same person.
(C)
The facilities have been regulated as a single public water system under the
Federal act or the act.
(ii) This definition may not be interpreted
to require two or more currently-regulated public water systems to become one
system.
TOC-Total organic carbon-The total
organic carbon in mg/L measured using heat, oxygen, ultraviolet irradiation,
chemical oxidants or combinations of these oxidants that convert organic carbon
to carbon dioxide, rounded to two significant figures.
TTHM-Total trihalomethanes-the sum of
the concentrations in milligrams per liter of the trihalomethane compounds
(trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and
tribromomethane), rounded to two significant figures after addition.
Thickener supernatant-A stream
containing the decant from a clarifier, sedimentation basin, or other unit used
to treat water, solids or semi-solids from the primary treatment
process.
Too numerous to count-Two hundred or
more total bacterial colonies on a 47-mm diameter membrane filter.
Transient noncommunity water system-A
public water system which is not a community, nontransient noncommunity,
bottled or vended water system, nor a retail water facility or a bulk water
hauling system.
Transmission-The movement of water
from the source to a point of storage, treatment or distribution or from the
point of treatment to the distribution system.
Treatment technique-A requirement
which specifies a specific treatment method known to cause a reduction in the
level of a contaminant which cannot practically be regulated by establishing an
MCL. The term includes treatment technique requirements established under the
Federal act, and treatment technique requirements adopted under the act.
2-stage lime softening-A process in
which chemical addition and hardness precipitation occur in each of two
distinct unit clarification processes in series prior to filtration.
Type of product-A particular kind of
water for bottling characterized by its source or treatment process. Examples
of the water include distilled water, mineral water, spring water and well
water.
VOC-Volatile synthetic organic
chemical.
Vended water system-A public water
system which provides water for bottling through the use of one or more water
vending machines.
Waterborne disease outbreak-An illness
of the same etiology experienced by two or more persons and attributed to
pathogenic organisms in which the public water system is implicated as the
source of illness by the Department of Health.
Water for bottling-Artificial or
natural mineral, spring or other water for bottling as drinking water.
Water vending machine-A
self-contained, self-service device which, upon insertion of a coin, paper
currency, token, card, key or other similar means or through manual operation,
dispenses unit servings of water, either in bulk or in packages, without the
necessity of replenishing the device between each vending operation.
Wellhead protection area -The surface
and subsurface area surrounding a water well, well field, spring or
infiltration gallery supplying a public water system, through which
contaminants are reasonably likely to move toward and reach the water source. A
wellhead protection area must consist of up to three zones:
(i)
Zone I. The protective
zone immediately surrounding a well, spring or infiltration gallery which shall
be a 100-foot-to-400-foot radius depending on site-specific source and aquifer
characteristics.
(ii)
Zone
II. The zone encompassing the portion of the aquifer through which
water is diverted to a well or flows to a spring or infiltration gallery. Zone
II shall be a 1/2-mile radius around the source unless a more detailed
delineation is approved.
(iii)
Zone III. As hydrogeologic conditions warrant, the zone beyond
Zone II that provides
groundwater recharge to Zones I and II. Zone II and Zone
III, if present, comprise the contributing area for the water source.
Wellhead protection program -A
comprehensive program designed to protect each well, spring or infiltration
gallery used by a public water system from contamination.
Wholesale system -A public water
system that treats source water as necessary to produce finished water and then
delivers some or all of that finished water to another public water system.
Delivery may be through a direct connection or through the distribution system
of one or more public water systems.