Animal testing refers to the use of animals for scientific research. They can be used in scientific research for a variety of purposes, including studying biology, psychology and disease, testing pharmaceutical products, and cosmetics, among other products. Because such experiments are likely to cause suffering and death to animals, they are regulated to varying degrees in different countries and have generated ethical controversy.
Death is defined as the ending of heartbeat and respiration or brain function. This cessation must be irreversible and determined in accordance with accepted medical standards.
The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 is a federal statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1531, that bans partial-birth abortion, also referred to as intact dilation and extraction, to terminate a pregnancy. In passing the statute, Congress found that “[a] moral, medical, and ethical consensus exists that the practice of performing a partial-birth abortion. . .
