(3)
Turbidity - The requirements of paragraph (3) of Rule
0400-45-01-.06 apply to filtered
surface systems until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this paragraph apply
to unfiltered systems that the Department has determined, in writing, must
install filtration until June 29, 1993, or until filtration is installed,
whichever is later.
The maximum contaminant level for turbidity is
applicable to public water systems using surface water source(s) in whole or in
part. Furthermore, the maximum contaminant level for turbidity is applicable to
those systems using ground water which are required to install turbidimeters
pursuant to paragraph (11) of Rule
0400-45-01-.05. The maximum
contaminant levels for turbidity in drinking water, measured at a
representative entry point(s) to the distribution system are:
(a) One (1.0) turbidity unit, as determined
by monthly average pursuant to Rule
0400-45-01-.08.
(b) Two (2.0) turbidity units based on an
average for two consecutive days pursuant to Rule
0400-45-01-.08.
To meet
the maximum contaminant level for turbidity, a public water system must meet
both subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph.
(4) Microbiological - The maximum contaminant
levels for microbiologicals are applicable to both community water systems and
non-community water systems.
(a) Until March
31, 2016, the total coliform maximum contaminant level (MCL) is based on the
presence or absence of total coliforms in a sample, rather than coliform
density. Beginning April 1, 2016, the MCL for total coliform shall no longer be
in effect.
The number of total coliform positive samples shall not exceed
any of the following:
1. For a system
which collects at least 40 samples per month, if no more than 5.0 percent of
the samples collected during a month are total coliform-positive, the system is
in compliance with the MCL for total coliforms.
2. For a system which collects fewer than 40
samples/month, if no more than one sample collected during a month is total
coliform-positive, the system is in compliance with the MCL for total
coliforms.
3. A public water system
which has exceeded the MCL for total coliforms must report the violation to the
Department no later than the end of the next business day after it learns of
the violation and notify the public in accordance with the schedule of Rule
0400-45-01-.19 using the
language specified in Rule
0400-45-01-.19.
4. A public water system which has failed to
comply with the coliform monitoring requirements, including a sanitary survey
requirement must report the monitoring violation to the Department within ten
(10) days after the system discovers the violation and notify the public in
accordance with Rule
0400-45-01-.19.
(b) Until March 31, 2016, any
fecal coliform-positive repeat sample or E. coli-positive repeat sample, or any
total coliform-positive repeat sample following a fecal coliform-positive or E.
coli-positive routine sample, constitutes a violation of the MCL for total
coliforms. For purposes of the public notification requirements in Rule
0400-45-01-.19, this is a
violation that may pose an acute risk to health.
(c) Fecal coliforms/Escherichia coli (E.
coli) testing
1. If any routine or repeat
sample is total coliform-positive, the system must analyze that total
coliform-positive culture medium to determine if fecal coliforms are present,
except that the system may test for E. coli in lieu of fecal coliforms. If
fecal coliforms or E. coli are present, the system must notify the Department
by the end of the day when the system is notified of the test result, unless
the system is notified of the result after the Department office is closed, in
which case the system must notify the Department before the end of the next
business day.
2. The Department has
the discretion to allow a public water system, on a case-by-case basis, to
forgo fecal coliform or E. coli testing on a total coliform-positive sample if
that system assumes that the total coliform-positive sample is fecal
coliform-positive or E. coli-positive. Accordingly, the system must notify the
Department as specified in part 1 of this subparagraph and the provisions of
subparagraph (b) of this paragraph apply.
(d) A public water system must determine
compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in subparagraph (a) and (b) of this
paragraph for each month in which it is required to monitor for total
coliforms.
(e) No variance or
exemptions from the maximum contaminant level for total coliforms are
permitted.
(f) Maximum contaminant
level goals for microbiological contaminants.
1. MCLGs for the following contaminants are
as indicated:
|
Contaminant
|
MCLG
|
|
(i) Giardia lamblia
|
zero
|
|
(ii) Viruses
|
zero
|
|
(iii) Legionella
|
zero
|
|
(iv) Total coliforms (including
fecal coliforms andEscherichia coli)
|
zero
|
|
(v)
Cryptosporidium
|
zero
|
|
(vi) Escherichia coli (E. coli)
|
zero
|
2. The MCLG identified in subpart 1(iv) of
this subparagraph is no longer applicable beginning April 1, 2016.
(g) Beginning April 1, 2016, a
system is in compliance with the MCL for E. coli for samples taken under the
provisions of Rule 0400-45-01-.41 unless any of the conditions identified in
parts 1 through 4 of this subparagraph occur. For purposes of the public
notification requirements in Rule
0400-45-01-.19, violation of the
MCL may pose an acute risk to health.
1. The
system has an E. coli-positive repeat sample following a total coliform
positive routine sample.
2. The
system has a total coliform positive repeat sample following an E.
coli-positive routine sample.
3.
The system fails to take all required repeat samples following an E.
coli-positive routine sample.
4.
The system fails to test for E. coli when any repeat sample tests positive for
total coliform.
(h)
Until March 31, 2016, a public water system must determine compliance with the
MCL for total coliforms in subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph for each
month in which it is required to monitor for total coliforms. Beginning April
1, 2016, a public water system must determine compliance with the MCL for E.
coli in subparagraph (g) of this paragraph for each month in which it is
required to monitor for total coliforms.
(i) The EPA Administrator, pursuant to
section 1412 of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act, hereby identifies the
following as the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means
available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for total
coliforms in subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph and for achieving
compliance with the maximum contaminant level for E. coli in subparagraph (g)
of this paragraph:
1. Protection of wells
from fecal contamination by appropriate placement and construction;
2. Maintenance of a disinfectant residual
throughout the distribution system;
3. Proper maintenance of the distribution
system including appropriate pipe replacement and repair procedures, main
flushing programs, proper operation and maintenance of storage tanks and
reservoirs, cross connection control, and continual maintenance of positive
water pressure in all parts of the distribution system;
5. For systems using ground water, compliance
with the requirements of an EPA-approved State Wellhead Protection Program
developed and implemented under section 1428 of the Federal Safe Drinking Water
Act.
(j) The EPA
Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act,
hereby identifies the technology, treatment techniques, or other means
available identified in subparagraph (i) of this paragraph as affordable
technology, treatment techniques, or other means available to systems serving
10,000 or fewer people for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant
level for total coliforms in subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph and
for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for E. coli in
subparagraph (g) of this paragraph.
(5) Radionuclides-
(a) The following maximum contaminant levels
for radium-226, radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity are
applicable to all community water systems:
1.
Combined radium-226 and radium-228: The maximum contaminant level for combined
radium-226 and radium-228 is 5 pCi/L. The combined radium-226 and radium-228
value is determined by the addition of the results of the analysis for
radium-226 and the analysis for radium-228.
2. Gross alpha particle activity (including
radium-226 but excluding radon and uranium): The maximum contaminant level for
gross alpha particle activity (including radium-226 but excluding radon and
uranium) is 15 pCi/L.
(b) Maximum contaminant levels for beta
particle and photon radioactivity from man- made radionuclides in community
water systems shall be as follows:
1. The
average annual concentration of beta particle and photon radioactivity from
man-made radionuclides in drinking water shall not produce an annual dose
equivalent to the total body or any internal organ greater than four (4)
millirem/year.
2. Except for the
radionuclides listed in Table A, the concentration of man-made radionuclides
causing four (4) mrem total body or organ dose equivalents shall be calculated
on the basis of a two (2) liter per day drinking water intake using the 168
hour data listed in "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible
Concentration of Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure," NBS
Handbook 69 as amended August, 1963, U.S. Department of Commerce. If two or
more radionuclides are present, the sum of their annual dose equivalent to the
total body or to any organ shall not exceed four (4) millirem/year.
Table
A
Average Annual Concentrations Assumed to Produce a Total Body or
Organ Dose of a 4 mrem/yr.
|
Radionuclide
|
Critical Organ
|
pCi per Liter
|
|
Tritium
Strontium-90
|
Total
Body
Bone Marrow
|
20,000
8
|
(c) MCL for uranium. The maximum contaminant
level for uranium is 30 micrograms per liter.
(d) Compliance dates.
1. Compliance dates for combined radium-226
and -228, gross alpha particle activity, gross beta particle and photon
radioactivity, and uranium: Community water systems must comply with the MCLs
listed in subparagraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this paragraph, beginning December
8, 2003 and compliance shall be determined in accordance with the requirements
of Rule
0400-45-01-.11. Compliance with
reporting requirements for the radionuclides under Appendix A to Consumer
Confidence Reports (Rule
0400-45-01-.35) and Appendices A
and B to Public Notification (Rule
0400-45-01-.19) is required on
December 8, 2003.
(e)
Best Available Technologies
The Department hereby identifies as indicated
in the following table the best technology available for achieving compliance
with the maximum contaminant levels for combined radium-226 and -228, uranium,
gross alpha particle activity, and beta particle and photon
radioactivity.
Table B
BAT for Combined Radium-226
and Radium-228, Uranium, Gross Alpha Particle Activity , and Beta Particle and
Photon Radioactivity
|
Contaminant
|
BAT
|
|
1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228
|
Ion
exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening.
|
|
2. Uranium
|
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime
softening, coagulation/filtration
|
|
3. Gross
alpha particle activity (excluding Radon and Uranium)
|
Reverse osmosis
|
|
4. Beta particle and
photon radioactivity
|
Ion exchange and reverse
osmosis
|
(f) No variance or exemption for compliance
with the MCLs listed in paragraph (5) of this rule are allowed.
(g) Small systems compliance technologies
list for radionuclides.
Table C
List of Small Systems
Compliance Technologies for Radionuclides and Limitations to Use
|
Unit Technologies
|
Limitations (see footnotes)
|
Operator skill level
required1
|
Raw water quality
range and considerations.1
|
|
1. Ion Exchange (IE)
|
(a)
|
Intermediate
|
All ground waters.
|
|
2. Point of use (POU2)
IE
|
(b)
|
Basic
|
All ground waters.
|
|
3. Reverse osmosis
(RO)
|
(c)
|
Advanced
|
Surface waters usually require pre-filtration.
|
|
4. POU2RO
|
(b)
|
Basic
|
Surface waters
usually require pre-filtration.
|
|
5. Lime
softening
|
(d)
|
Advanced
|
All waters.
|
|
6. Green sand
filtration
|
(e)
|
Basic
|
|
7. Co-precipitation with Barium Sulfate
|
(f)
|
Intermediate to Advanced
|
Ground waters with suitable water quality.
|
|
8. Electrodialysis/
electrodialysis
reversal
|
Basic to imtermediate
|
All ground waters.
|
|
9. Pre-formed
hydrous Manganese oxide filtration
|
(g)
|
Intermediate
|
All ground waters.
|
|
10. Activated alumia
|
(a)
(h)
|
Advanced
|
All ground
waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration
frequency.
|
|
11. Enhanced
coagulation/filtration
|
(i)
|
Advanced
|
Can treat a wide range of water
qualities
|
1 National Research Council (NRC). Safe Water
from Every Tap: Improving Water Service to Small Communities. National Academy
Press. Washington, D.C. 1997.
2 A POU,
or "point-of-use" technology is a treatment device installed at a single tap
used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one
tap. POU devices are typically installed at the kitchen tap. See the April 21,
2000 NODA for more details.
Limitations Footnotes: Technologies
for Radionuclides:
(a) The
regeneration solution contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions.
Disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this
technology.
(b) When POU devices
are used for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and
monitoring must be provided by water utility to ensure proper
performance.
(c) Reject water
disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this
technology. See other RO limitations described in the SWTR Compliance
Technologies Table.
(d) The
combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water
chemistry involved may make this technology too complex for small surface water
systems.
(e) Removal efficiencies
can vary depending on water quality.
(f) This technology may be very limited in
application to small systems. Since the process requires static mixing,
detention basins, and filtration, it is most applicable to systems with
sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a suitable filtration
treatment train in place.
(g) This
technology is most applicable to small systems that already have filtration in
place.
(h) Handling of chemicals
required during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small
systems without an adequately trained operator.
(i) Assumes modification to a coagulation/filtration
process already in place.
Table D
Compliance Technologies
by System Size Category for Radionuclide NPDWR's
|
Contaminant
|
Compliance
Technologies1 for system size categories (population
served)
|
|
25-500
|
501-3,300
|
3301-10,000
|
|
1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228
|
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
|
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
|
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
|
|
2. Gross alpha
particle activity
|
3.4
|
3.4
|
3,4
|
|
3.
Beta particle activity and photon activity
|
1,2,3,4
|
1,2,3,4
|
1,2,3,4
|
|
4. Uranium
|
1,2,4,10,11
|
1,2,3,4,5,10,11
|
1,2,3,4,5,10,11
|
Note:1 Numbers correspond to those
technologies found listed in Table C.
(6) Disinfectant Residuals and Disinfectant
Byproducts
(a) Bromate and
chlorite
. The maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for bromate
and chlorite are as follows:
|
Disinfection by-product
|
MCL (mg/L)
|
|
Bromate
|
0 .010
|
|
Chlorite
|
1 .0
|
1. Compliance dates
for CWSs and NTNCWSs. Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more persons must
comply with this subparagraph beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems
serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using only ground water not under
the direct influence of surface water must comply with this subparagraph
beginning January 1, 2004.
2. The
Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act,
hereby identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques,
or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant
levels for bromate and chlorite identified in this subparagraph:
|
Disinfection by-product
|
Best available technology
|
|
Bromate
|
Control of ozone treatment process to
reduce production of bromate
|
|
Chlorite
|
Control of treatment processes to reduce disinfectant demand
and control of disinfection treatment processes to reduce disinfectant
levels
|
(b) TTHM and HAA5.
1. Running Annual Average compliance (Rule
0400-45-01-.36)
(i) Compliance dates. Subpart H systems
serving 10,000 or more persons must comply with this part beginning January 1,
2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using
only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water must comply
with this this part beginning January 1, 2004. All systems must comply with
these MCLs until the date specified for Locational Running Annual Average
(Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Requirements (LRAA)) compliance in Rule
0400-45-01-.38.
|
Disinfection by-product
|
MCL (mg/L)
|
|
Total trihalomethanes
(TTHM)
|
0.080
|
|
Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5)
|
0.060
|
(ii) The Administrator, pursuant to section
1412 of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act, hereby identifies the following as
the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for
achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for TTHM and HAA5
identified in this part.
|
Disinfection by-product
|
Best available
technology
|
|
Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and
Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5)
|
Enhanced coagulation or
enhanced softening or GAC10, with chlorine as the primary and residual
disinfectant
|
2. LRAA compliance (Rule
0400-45-01-.38)
(i) Compliance dates. The Stage 2
Disinfection Byproducts Requirements (LRAA) MCLs for TTHM and HAA5 must be
complied with as a locational running annual average (LRAA) at each monitoring
location beginning the date specified for Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts
Requirements (LRAA) compliance in subparagraph (1)(c) of Rule
0400-45-01-.38.
|
Disinfection by-product
|
MCL (mg/L)
|
|
Total trihalomethanes
(TTHM)
|
0.080
|
|
Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5)
|
0.060
|
(ii) The Administrator, pursuant to section
1412 of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act, hereby identifies the following as
the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for
achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for TTHM and HAA5
identified in this part for all systems that disinfect their source water:
|
Disinfection by-product
|
Best available technology
|
|
Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5)
|
Enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening or GAC10;
nanofiltration and with a molecular weight cutoff of equal to or less than 1000
Daltons; or GAC20
|
(iii) The Administrator, pursuant to section
1412 of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act, hereby identifies the following as
the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for
achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for TTHM and HAA5
identified in this part for consecutive systems and applies only to the
disinfected water that consecutive systems buy or otherwise receive:
|
Disinfection by-product
|
Best available technology
|
|
Total
trihalomethanes (TTHM) and Haloacetic acids (five) - (HAA5).
|
Systems serving 10,000 or more: Improved distribution system and storage
tank management to reduce residence time, plus the use of chloramines for
disinfectant residual maintenance.
Systems serving [LESS THAN]
10,000: Improved distribution system and storage tank management to reduce
residence time.
|
(c) Maximum residual
disinfectant levels.
1. Maximum residual
disinfectant levels (MRDLs) are as follows:
|
Disinfectant residual
|
MRDL
(mg/L)
|
|
Chlorine ........................
.........
|
4.0 (as Cl2).
|
|
Chloramines.................................
|
4.0 (as Cl2).
|
|
Chlorine dioxide..........................
|
0.8 (as ClO2).
|
(d)
Compliance dates.
1. CWSs and NTNCWSs.
Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more persons must comply with MRDLs
beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons
and systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface
water must comply with MRDLs beginning January 1, 2004.
2. Transient NCWSs. Subpart H systems serving
10,000 or more persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant
must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H
systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using chlorine dioxide as a
disinfectant or oxidant and systems using only ground water not under the
direct influence of surface water and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant
or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1,
2004.
(e) Best Available
Control Technology
1. The following are
identified as the best technology, treatment technology or other means
available for achieving compliance with the maximum residual disinfectant
level:
(i) Control of the treatment processes
to reduce disinfectant demand and control of disinfection treatment processes
to reduce disinfectant levels.
