United Steelworkers of American v. Weber (1979) is a U.S. Supreme Court case where the Court ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits racial discrimination in the workplace, does not prohibit voluntary affirmative action programs which seek to hire minorities who were historically underrepresented. Find the full opinion here.
The term “unreasonable” refers to any action or result that exceeds a reasonable expectation, or refers to anything beyond what would be considered “common sense.” In criminal cases, the prosecutor should explain the evidence so clearly that the average person would agree with it; if the logic of the prosecution or the certainty based on the given
An unreasonable search and seizure is a search and seizure executed 1) without a legal search warrant signed by a judge or magistrate describing the place, person, or things to be searched or seized or 2) without probable cause to believe that certain person
Vagrancy is defined as roaming from place to place without a permanent job, home, or material resources. Many criminal statutes targeting vagrancy have been declared invalid for being unconstitutionally vague, which is a violation of due process.
The term vagrant is used to describe a person who moves from place to place without a permanent job, home, or material resources. In some states, vagrancy is considered a criminal offense.
The vagueness doctrine is a Constitutional requirement that criminal laws must explicitly state and define what conduct is prohibited and punishable. Under the vagueness doctrine, a criminal law cannot be too obscure for the average person to understand and follow.
Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005), is a U.S. Supreme Court case in which the court held that displaying a monument inscribed with the Ten Commandments on the grounds of the Texas State Capital does not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
The term vested describes a right, interest, or title that is absolute, fixed, and not subject to being taken away or “divested.” When a right is vested, the person with the right has a guaranteed legal claim or entitlement that can be enforced now, in the future, or both.
