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NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis

Issues

Does the National Labor Relations Act prohibit the enforcement of agreements between employers and employees requiring individual employees to waive the right to participate in collective litigation, collective actions, and collective arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act? 

At issue in this case is whether employment contracts barring employees from collectively arbitrating disputes with employers are illegal under the National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”). Employees argue that preventing collective arbitration interferes with the NLRA’s Section 7 protections of “concerted activity” for “mutual aid and protection”. Employers counter that the Federal Arbitration Act governs the arbitration agreements, under which they are enforceable. Employers also contend that enforcing the agreements protects freedom of contract, thus promoting efficiency and protecting judicial resources. Employees respond that collective arbitration allows them to share the costs and risks of litigation, thereby allowing them to pursue claims that, in the aggregate, may reveal abusive practices by employers. One on hand, freedom of contract in the interest of judicial economy may be harmed if the Court does not uphold the validity of the waivers. On the other hand, if the Court does uphold the validity of the waivers, it will may become more difficult for employees to challenge abusive work practices in their workplaces.

Questions as Framed for the Court by the Parties

Whether the collective-bargaining provisions of the National Labor Relations Act prohibit the enforcement under the Federal Arbitration Act of an agreement requiring an employee to arbitrate claims against an employer on an individual, rather than collective, basis.

The Court here considers three consolidated cases: Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, Ernst & Young, LLP v. Morris, et al., and National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc. Epic Systems, Ernst & Young, and Murphy Oil (“Employers”) urge the Court to uphold class action and collective arbitration waivers between employers and employees.

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Starbucks Corp. v. McKinney

Issues

Should courts grant preliminary injunctions against companies for labor disputes based on the traditional four-factor test or on a different standard of whether the injunction is “just and proper” when there is reasonable cause to believe the unfair labor practices occurred?

This case presents to the Supreme Court the issue of whether district courts should defer to the National Labor Relations Board’s (NLRB) preliminary investigations and legal judgments when deciding on preliminary injunctions under Section 10(j) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) during unfair labor practice investigations. The Petitioner, Starbucks Corp., argues that the Sixth Circuit improperly weighted the scales in favor of the NLRB by deferring too much to the Board's initial assessment of the case and its labor-law expertise, thus undermining judicial independence and overstepping established boundaries of agency deference. The Respondent, the NLRB, maintains that such deference is warranted given its role, expertise in labor relations, and the comprehensive investigatory and adjudicative processes it undertakes before seeking injunctive relief under Section 10(j). The Court's determination will crucially affect the balance of power between administrative agencies and the judiciary and will have significant implications for labor practices and the enforcement of labor rights in the United States.

Questions as Framed for the Court by the Parties

Whether courts must evaluate the National Labor Relations Board’s requests for injunctions under Section 10(j) of the National Labor Relations Act using the traditional, stringent, four-factor test for preliminary injunctions or some other more lenient standard.

In January 2022, a shift supervisor, Nikki Taylor, at the Memphis Starbucks location decided she was interested in unionizing the Memphis store. McKinney v.

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