ACADEMIC TOPICS

The burden of production refers to a party's obligation to come forward with sufficient evidence to support a particular proposition of fact. The burden of production combines with the burden of persuasion to make up the burden of proof throughout a trial. 

• evidence; burden of proof

Generally, burden of proof describes the standard that a party seeking to prove a fact in court must satisfy to have that fact legally established. There are different standards for different circumstances. 

• burden of proof
• evidence; burden of proof
• EVIDENTIARY BURDENS
• evidence
• civil procedure
• criminal procedure
• REASONABLE DOUBT
• preponderance
• burden of persuasion
• burden of production

Bureaucracy describes an organizational system implemented to manage a government agency or institution. The word comes from “bureau” (meaning "writing desk" in old French) and “cracy” (meaning "power" in Latin). 

Business record exception is a statutory exception to the rule against hearsay in Federal and most state courts.

• evidence

See: business record exception

[Last reviewed in November of 2024 by the Wex Definitions Team]

But cf. is a citation signal used to cite an authority that supports an analogous but generally contrary proposition to the one advanced by the author.

But see is a signal in legal citations indicating that the cited source supports the opposite of the author’s statement, although an inference is required to see the contradiction.

The but-for test is a test commonly used in both tort law and criminal law to determine actual causation.  The test asks, "but for the existence of X, would Y have occurred?" 

• causation
• criminal law
• tort law
• PROXIMATE CAUSE

A buyback refers to when a corporation repurchases its own outstanding stock. By doing so, the number of overall shares in the market drops and the value of each individual share tends to increase. Issuing a buyback offer is not binding on any individual shareholders and merely represents the corporation's offer to purchase shares at a given price. 

• llcs-corporations-partnerships

CALI stands for the Center for Computer-Assisted Legal Instruction. CALI is a non-profit, 501(c)(3) consortium of most of the law schools in the United States, which creates educational resources available to registered law students.