Collective knowledge, also known as the “fellow officer” rule, is a criminal law principle that allows police officers to share and rely on information from other officers. Under this doctrine, individual officers can act on shared information from other officers even though they do not have direct knowledge themselves.

Exhaustion of administrative remedies is a doctrine that generally requires a party to fully pursue all administrative remedies available when challenging a Federal

Exceptional case refers to standout and extreme cases in which a law, rule, or standard does not apply, or a new rule or standard does apply.

The equitable parent doctrine is the principle that, under certain circumstances, a non-biological parent may acquire parental and custodial rights to a child.

Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (the Act) is an economic and financial legislation signed into law in 2018 in order to reform the regulations set by the Dodd-Frank Act.

Impracticability is a defense in contract law that will excuse performance when an event occurs after the formation of the contract that renders performance of the contract excessively difficult or expensive.

Disenfranchisement commonly refers to the act of removing political power from a group, often in the form of the revocation of their voting rights. Disenfranchisement is the restriction of suffrage.

Suffrage refers to the right to vote in an election. 

Debiting refers to the act of making a subtraction from an account to make a payment. 

Criminal syndicalism laws were used primarily in the early 1900s to suppress economic and political radicals, anti-war efforts, and to undermine labor movements, like Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). These laws made acts intended to incite such change against the U.S. government illegal.