legal education and practice

A cross-claim is a claim brought by a plaintiff against a co-plaintiff, or by a defendant against a co-defendant. Cross-claims are governed by Rule 13 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP). 

Cross Licensing refers to the cross-license agreement between patentees, entered into for purposes of avoiding litigation concerning conflicting patents. It helps preserve the financial incentives for inventors to commercialize their existing innovations and undertake new, potentially patentable research.

Cruel and unusual punishment is an excessive penalty that is disproportionate to the crime committed, an act of retribution that causes deliberate pain or suffering, and/or conditions that violate basic human rights standards.

• eighth amendment
• constitutional law
• U.S. CONSTITUTION
• cruel and unusual punishment

Cruzan v. Missouri Department of Health, 497 U.S.

Catholic Social Services, Inc. v.

The term cumis counsel is taken from the case San Diego Federal Credit Union v. Cumis Ins. Society.

A cumulative sentence, or consecutive sentence, is one which does not begin to run until the expiration of a prior sentence.

Cumulative voting refers to any voting structure where individuals can pool their votes together for certain candidates. For example, if a corporate executive has a single vote for each of seven director seats being voted for, cumulative voting would allow the executive to use all seven votes in a single director election. This can allow minority voting classes to achieve some election success by pooling all of their votes into a single election or a couple elections.

• llcs-corporations-partnerships

Currency can be defined as a system of money issued by a State on a national territory, used by people in that nation, allowing to carry out monetary exchanges.

Curtilage is the area immediately surrounding and associated with a dwelling. Curtilage is treated as part of the home for many Fourth Amendment purposes, including searches and many self-defense laws. When considering whether something is in a dwelling's curtilage, courts consider four factors: