commercial law

In the context of transportation; channels are the highways, waterways, and air traffic of the country.

See also: Instrumentalities

[Last reviewed in July of 2022 by the Wex Definitions Team]

• constitutional law

First, a charter can be defined broadly as the highest law of an entity. More specifically:

Churn, in the context of stock trading, means making numerous risky and excessive transactions to generate high commissions against the customer's character of account and objectives by a broker. 

See: Churning

[Last reviewed in December of 2021 by the Wex Definitions Team]

CIF is an abbreviation used for Cost, Insurance and Freight. CIF is an agreement in which the seller's quoted price includes insurance and all other costs up to a designated port of destination. The term is used in the context of maritime transport. 

A civil code is a codification of private law relating to contracts, property, family, and obligations.

The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, codified at 15 U.S.C. 12-27, is one of the primary pieces of antitrust legislation in the United States. This act was designed to bolster the Sherman Antitrust Act and outlaws the following conduct:

A cognovit, a type of confession of judgment, refers to an acknowledgment or confession made by a defendant that the plaintiff’s cause is legitimate. It permits judgment to be entered without a trial for the purpose of saving costs.

Collusion is when two or more parties secretly agree to defraud a third-party of their rights or accomplish an illegal purpose. 

Collusive bidding refers to an agreement among two or more competitors to change the bids they otherwise would have offered absent the agreement. Where collusive bidding is well established, prices can rise substantially, in some cases by as much as several hundred percent.

Commerce refers generally to the activity of exchanging products, goods, and services for financial gain. The word commerce usually is used to mean economic activity broadly on a national or other large scale. Commerce can be used in many contexts but is most commonly used by governments in their constitutions and laws to define the authority of the government to regulate commerce activity.